Fig. 5

In vitro transfection of tRF-3009 caused oxidative metabolism changes in healthy donor-derived CD4⁺ T cells. All experiments show the mean of individual replicates (n  ≥  3). A The change of lactate level between healthy donor-derived CD4⁺ T cells transfected with tRF-3009 mimic, negative controls or positive control (n  =  6). The medium and random ssRNA were used as negative controls, and PHA was used as positive control. B The change of oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in CD4⁺ T cells transfected tRF-3009 mimic in vitro (n  =  6). C The change of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) as estimated by JC-1 in CD4⁺ T cells transfected tRF-3009 mimic in vitro (n  =  4). The greater the mitochondrial uptake, the greater concentration of JC-1 aggregate forms which have a red fluorescent emission signal, as opposed to the JC-1 monomer that fluoresces green. D The change of ATP production in CD4⁺ T cells transfected tRF-3009 mimic (n  =  3). E The change of ROS production as estimated by DCFH-DA dye in CD4⁺ T cells transfected tRF-3009 mimic (n  =  3). F The change of ROS production as estimated by fluorometric analysis in CD4⁺ T cells transfected tRF-3009 mimic (n  =  3). NS, no difference; **P  <  0.01; ***P  <  0.001