Table 1 Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics of patients in training cohort and validation cohort

Gender, n (%)

 Male

730 (69.9%)

487 (70.0%)

243 (69.6%)

 Female

315 (30.1%)

209 (30.0%)

106 (30.4%)

Age, years

67.31 ± 13.60

66.70 ± 13.90

68.54 ± 12.90

0.039

Etiology, n (%)

0.759

 Diabetic

271 (25.9%)

177 (25.4%)

94 (26.9%)

 Nephrosclerosis

411 (39.3%)

270 (38.8%)

141 (40.4%)

 Glomerulonephritis

197 (18.9%)

137 (19.7%)

60 (17.2%)

 Others

166 (15.9%)

112 (16.1%)

54 (15.5%)

Hemoglobin, g/dL

11.97 ± 2.28

12.02 ± 2.29

11.87 ± 2.26

0.304

Serum albumin, g/dL

3.85 ± 0.63

3.87 ± 0.63

3.82 ± 0.64

0.211

Creatinine, g/dL

2.26 ± 1.72

2.25 ± 1.72

2.28 ± 1.71

0.825

eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m²

32.95 ± 18.82

33.15 ± 18.78

32.56 ± 18.90

0.632

Proteinuria, n (%)

0.919

 Negative

381 (36.5%)

255 (36.6%)

126 (36.1%)

 Positive

664 (63.5%)

441 (63.4%)

223 (63.9%)

Urinary occult blood, n (%)

0.361

 Negative

689 (65.9%)

466 (67.0%)

223 (63.9%)

 Positive

356 (34.1%)

230 (33.0%)

126 (36.1%)

UPCR, g/gCr

2.17 ± 3.24

2.04 ± 2.98

2.42 ± 3.69

0.073

Hypertension, n (%)

0.864

 No

101 (9.7%)

66 (9.5%)

35 (10.0%)

 Yes

944 (90.3%)

630 (90.5%)

314 (90.0%)

History of CVD, n (%)

0.183

 No

765 (73.2%)

519 (74.6%)

246 (70.5%)

 Yes

280 (26.8%)

177 (25.4%)

103 (29.5%)

Diabetes, n (%)

0.693

 No

651 (62.3%)

437 (62.8%)

214 (61.3%)

 Yes

394 (37.7%)

259 (37.2%)

135 (38.7%)

Use of RAAS inhibitor, n (%)

0.047

 No

380 (36.4%)

238 (34.2%)

142 (40.7%)

 Yes

665 (63.6%)

458 (65.8%)

207 (59.3%)

Use of calcium channel blocker, n (%)

0.616

 No

547 (52.3%)

360 (51.7%)

187 (53.6%)

 Yes

498 (47.7%)

336 (48.3%)

162 (46.4%)

Use of diuretics, n (%)

0.154

 No

694 (66.4%)

473 (68.0%)

221 (63.3%)

 Yes

351 (33.6%)

223 (32.0%)

128 (36.7%)

Vital status, n (%)

0.773

 Alive

972 (93.0%)

649 (93.2%)

323 (92.6%)

 Deceased

73(7.0%)

47(6.8%)

26 (7.4%)

CKD progression, n (%)

0.479

 No

785 (75.1%)

528 (75.9%)

257 (73.6%)

 Yes

260 (24.9%)

168 (24.1%)

92 (26.4%)