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Table 3 Risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus risk according to change in proteinuria status

From: Dipstick proteinuria and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a nationwide population-based cohort study

Change in proteinuria

Participants (number)

Casea

HR (95% CI)

Crude model

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Negative/Trace → Negative/Trace

231,223

21,249

1 (Ref)

1 (Ref)

1 (Ref)

1 (Ref)

Negative/Trace →  ≥ 1 + 

4380

569

1.46 [1.35–1.59]

1.44 [1.32–1.56]

1.30 [1.19–1.41]

1.18 [1.08–1.28]

 ≥ 1 +  → Negative/Trace

2660

276

1.15 [1.02–1.29]

1.19 [1.05–1.33]

1.12 [0.99–1.26]

1.13 [1.01–1.28]

 ≥ 1 +  →  ≥ 1 + 

416

68

1.88 [1.48–2.39]

1.77 [1.40–2.25]

1.53 [1.20–1.94]

1.39 [1.10–1.76]

  1. Model 1: adjusted for sex and age
  2. Model 2: adjusted for sex, age, current smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption, family history of diabetes, body mass index, systolic blood pressure
  3. Model 3: adjusted for sex, age, current smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption, family history of diabetes, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose level, and estimated glomerular filtration rate
  4. HR hazard ratio, CI indicates confidence interval
  5. aNew-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus