Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants according to degree of proteinuria
Variable | Total | Degree of proteinuria | P for trend†| ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No proteinuria | Trace proteinuria (±) | Overt proteinuria (≥ 1 +) | |||
N | 239,287 | 229,426 | 5054 | 4807 | Â |
Sex, male | 128,780 (53.82) | 123,210 (53.70) | 2881 (57.00) | 2689 (55.94) |  < 0.001 |
Age, years | 57.12 ± 8.33 | 57.09 ± 8.31 | 57.10 ± 8.68 | 58.50 ± 9.05 |  < 0.001 |
Current smoking | 42,824 (17.90) | 40,863 (17.81) | 1014 (20.06) | 947 (19.70) |  < 0.001 |
Alcohol consumption, frequency per week |  |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |
  < 1 time | 141,913 (59.13) | 136,296 (59.41) | 2811 (55.62) | 2806 (58.37) |  |
 1–2 times | 64,760 (27.06) | 62,011 (27.03) | 1511 (29.90) | 1238 (25.75) |  |
 3–4 times | 21,364 (8.93) | 20,418 (8.90) | 491 (9.72) | 455 (9.47) |  |
  ≥ 5 times | 11,250 (4.70) | 10,701 (4.66) | 241 (4.77) | 308 (6.41) |  |
Exercise, days per week | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.398 |
  < 1 day | 59,871 (25.02) | 57,433 (25.03) | 1149 (22.73) | 1289 (26.82) |  |
 1–4 days | 108,348 (45.28) | 103,860 (45.27) | 2353 (46.56) | 2135 (44.41) |  |
  ≥ 5 days | 71,068 (29.70) | 68,133 (29.70) | 1552 (30.71) | 1383 (28.77) |  |
Body mass index |  |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 Underweight (< 18.5 kg/m2) | 5548 (2.32) | 5280 (2.30) | 129 (2.55) | 139 (2.89) |  |
 Normal range (18.5–23 kg/m2) | 90,072 (37.64) | 86,733 (37.80) | 1782 (35.26) | 1577 (32.39) |  |
 Overweight (23–25 kg/m2) | 67,809 (28.34) | 65,153 (28.40) | 1435 (28.39) | 1221 (25.40) |  |
 Obese (≥ 25 kg/m2) | 75,858 (31.70) | 72,260 (31.50) | 1708 (33.80) | 1890 (39.32) |  |
Hypertension | 128,316 (53.62) | 122,251 (53.29) | 2906 (57.50) | 3159 (65.72) |  < 0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 124.27 ± 15.12 | 124.17 ± 15.04 | 125.25 ± 15.89 | 128.34 ± 17.41 |  < 0.001 |
Family history of diabetes, yes | 17,836 (7.45) | 17,060 (7.44) | 434 (8.59) | 342 (7.11) | 0.539 |
Laboratory findings | |||||
 Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 94.13 ± 11.20 | 94.07 ± 11.17 | 95.05 ± 11.48 | 95.91 ± 11.91 |  < 0.001 |
 Estimated glomerular filtration rate, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 83.66 ± 34.40 | 83.87 ± 34.43 | 79.60 ± 36.53 | 77.92 ± 29.18 |  < 0.001 |