Fig. 1

Alterations in the gut microbiota among patients with PDAC and AIP. a Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) based on Bray–Curtis distance at the species level. Each data point represents an individual sample. P-value was calculated by PERMANOVA. b Comparison of the gut microbiota among PDAC, AIP and HC groups at the phylum level and box and whisker plot of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratios. c–e Species enriched in healthy controls and species enriched in case groups, respectively. The phylum, genus and species levels are colored as follows: purple, both enriched in PDAC and AIP; blue, both depleted in PDAC and AIP; red, enriched in PDAC only; green, depleted in PDAC only. Significance was set at adjusted p-value < 0.2 (FDR-corrected Kruskal–Wallis test) and p-value (Steel–Dwass test) < 0.05. Only taxa with adjusted p-value < 0.2 (except Bacteroidetes) are shown. Steel–Dwass test for pairwise comparisons following FDR-corrected Kruskal–Wallis test. PDAC: pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; AIP: autoimmune pancreatitis; HC: healthy controls