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Fig. 1 | Journal of Translational Medicine

Fig. 1

From: Application of stem cell-derived exosomes in ischemic diseases: opportunity and limitations

Fig. 1

Sprouting angiogenesis. Angiogenesis is a multistep process that different molecules contribute to regulate it [23,24,25]. At glance, in angiogenesis switch on, MMPs molecules initiate to degrade the extracellular matrix (ECM) and VEGF molecules activate endothelial cells (ECs) to form a distinict and activated ECs, this event often called VEGF stimulation step. In Tip cell formation step, a population of ECs may acquire a distinctive morphology with filopodia that progress into the ECM. Stalk cells are a type of cells behind tip cells support the proliferation and elongation of new tube. In ECs proliferation step, different molecules and signaling molecules increase the proliferation and migration of ECs that cells form sprouting tubules. Tip cells contribute to elongation and guidance of newly formed tube. In fusion and tube formation step, which often called stabilization step, newly formed tubules fuse with each other and such mural cells as pericytes participate in the stabilization of the new capillaries [23,24,25]

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