Table 1 Pre-clinical studies: MSCs transplantation in ARDS

Florian et al. (2021)

Mouse-ARDS/LPS

Mouse BM-MSCs

2.5 × 10⁵

I.V

↓Neutrophils in BALF (~ 28% decrease), lung inflammation (TNFα: ~ 43% decrease, IFNγ: ~ 73% decrease)

Zhang et al. (2020)

Mouse-ARDS/LPS

Mouse BM-MSCs

5 × 10⁵

I.V

↑ATP levels (~ 40% increase), oxygen consumption rate (~ 95% increase)

↓Lung inflammation (IL-1β: ~ 58% decrease, TNFα: ~ 29% decrease), reactive oxygen species

Yudhawati et al. (2020)

Mouse-ARDS/H5N1 virus

Mouse BM-MSCs

5.5 × 10⁵

I.V

↑PaO2/FiO2 ratio (~ 30% increase)

↓Protein in BALF (~ 58% decrease), lung inflammation (NFκB: ~ 47% decrease, TNFα: ~ 55% decrease)

Sadeghian et al. (2020)

Sheep-ARDS/LPS

Sheep BM-MSCs

5 × 10⁷

I.T

↑PO2 (~ 21% increase), SatO2 (~ 6% increase)

↓Neutrophils in BALF (~ 22% decrease), PCO2 (~ 14% decrease)

Lu et al. (2020)

Mouse-ARDS/LPS

Mouse BM-MSCs

5 × 10⁵

I.V

↑DCregs

↓mDCs

Cheng et al. (2020)

Rat-ARDS/LPS

Rat LR-MSCs

2 × 10⁶

I.T

↓Lung inflammation (TNFα: ~ 36% decrease, MCP-1: ~ 31% decrease, IL10: ~ 32% increase)

Chen et al. (2020)

Mouse-ARDS/LPS

Mouse BM-MSCs

2 × 10⁵

I.T

↓Lung inflammation (IL-17A: ~ 33% decrease, IL10: ~ 25% increase), Th17/Treg (~ 53% decrease)

Radwan et al. (2020)

Rat-lung injury/Amiodarone

Rat AD-MSCs

2 × 10⁶, 4 × 10⁶

I.V

↓Pulmonary fibrosis

Jung et al. (2019)

Mouse-ARDS/LPS

Human AD-MSCs

2 × 10⁵

I.V

↓Lung injury score (~ 44% decrease)

Dong et al. (2019)

Mouse-ARDS/LPS

Mouse BM-MSCs

5 × 10⁴

I.T

↓Lung edema (~ 27% decrease), pulmonary fibrosis