Fig. 2

Pipeline of iRNA-carrying exosome production from MSCs. Therapeutic iRNA-carrying exosomes can be produced in two ways. The plasmid encoding the miRNA or/and shRNA of interest may be transferred into the MSCs, and the iRNA-containing exosomes will subsequently be harvested and enriched. Alternatively, synthesized miRNAs mimics or/and siRNAs or/and anti-miRNA oligonucleotides may be chemically inserted into the MSC-derived exosomes, and the resulting loaded exosomes will be then collected and isolated. The consequent exosomes of either way would then be administrated to the COVID-19 critically-ill patients