Table 1 Activation of Na+/K+-ATPase by physiological transmitters and ATP in skeletal muscle: possible dysfunction and modulation in ME/CFS
Mechanism | Importance | Na+/K+−ATPase function in ME/CFS |
|---|---|---|
Acetylcholine | At rest | Enhanced by physostigmine (Mestinonâ„¢) |
Insulin | At rest | Decreased by potential insulin resistance |
ß2AdR-agonist | Exercise | Decreased by ß2AdR-dysfunction/downregulation |
ccGRP | Exercise | Decreased by small fiber degeneration Diminished due to low expression of TRPM3? |
ATP | Exercise mainly | Decreased due to ATP depletion |
ROS | Exercise mainly | Inhibition |