Table 1 Oxidative mitochondrial outcomes of RT, ET and CT interventions
Authors | Cohort | Training type | Intensity [ET]/repetition range [RT] | Intervention duration/frequency | Primary outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Menshikova et al. [28] | Sedentary older (67 ± 0.6 years) adults (5 men, 3 women) | ET | 30–40 min of HR 50–70% of VO2 max (progressive) | 12 weeks 4-6x/week | ↑ETC Activity ↑NADH Oxidase (CI) ↑mtDNA/mitochondrial biogenesis ↑Complex I-IV activity |
Short et al. [14] | Untrained men/women (21–87 years) | ET | 20 min at 70% of max HR (start) 40 min at 80% of max HR | 16 weeks 3x/week (start) 4x/week (end) | ↑Complex IV activity ↑Citrate synthase ↑COX4, ND4 (mito. Enzymes) ↑PGC-1α, TFAM, NRF-1 |
Broskey et al. [27] | Sedentary men and women (60- 80 years) | ET | 75% of max HR for 30–60 min (progressive along course of intervention) | 16 weeks 3x/week | ↑ETC Complexes I, III, IV, V w/ greatest elevation of I ↑Mitochondrial volume (proportional to ↑ATPmax) ↑PGC-1α, TFAM, NRF-1 |
Conley et al. [72] | Recreationally active older (69.5 ± 1.2 years) men and women | ET | 60%—> 80–85% of max HR for 20 min on two different exercises | 24 weeks 3x/week | ↑ATPmax (+ 31% oxidative capacity) (Disproportionate to change in Mito vol.) |
Jubrias et al. [73] | Untrained older (69.2 ± 0.6 years) men and women | RT (Leg press + arm training + shoulder lifts) | 3 sets of 10–15 repetitions (lighter days) 3–5 sets of 4–8 repetitions (heavier days) | 24 weeks 3x/week | ↑57% skeletal muscle oxidative capacity (Greater than that of corresponding ET group) ↑31% mitochondrial density |
Mesquita et al. [91] | Untrained aged (59 ± 4 years) men and women | RT (Full Body) | 3 sets of 10–12 repetitions with 1 min rest between sets | 10 weeks 2x/week | ↑OXPHOS Proteins: ↑180% CI, 39% CII, 89% CIII, 43% CIV, 78% CV -Unchanged PGC-1α and TFAM |
Porter et al. [89] | Untrained young men | RT (Full-body) | 3–4 sets of 8–10 repetitions with 1–2 min rest between sets | 12 weeks 3x/week | ↑↑ETC Complex I activity ↑Coupled (P) and uncoupled mitochondrial respiration ↑COX4I1/NAMPT mRNA |
Flack et al. [92] | Untrained older (≥ 60 years) males | RT (Full-body) | 1 set of 8–12 repetitions | 12 weeks 3x/week | No change in oxidative capacity or ROS production |
Parise et al. [2] | Untrained older men/women (68.5 ± 5.1 years) | RT (Full-body) | 3 sets of 10–12 repetitions with 2 min rest between sets | 14 weeks 3x/week | ↑ETC Complex IV activity ↓Oxidative stress ↓17.5% 8-OHdG |
Berg et al. [93] | Older sedentary adults  (7 men, 3 women, age 75 ± 9 years) | RT (Single muscle group MST) | 4 sets of 4–5 repetitions with 2 min rest between sets | 8 weeks 3x/week | ↓Complex I Activity ↓Maximal ADP-dependent respiration |
Irving et al. [99] | Older (≥ 61 years) and young (18–30 years) sedentary men and women | RT | 4 sets of 8–10 repetitions | 8 weeks 4 days/week | -No significant change in oxidative capacity ↑PGC1α1.SIRT3, |
ET | 65% VO2 max for 1 h | 8 weeks 5 days/week | ↑OXPHOS ETC protein abundance ↑Oxidative Capacity ↑Complex I/Complex II ↑PGC1α1, SIRT3 | ||
CT (ET + RT) | 65% VO2 max for 30 min, 5 days/week  +  2/3 of RT group’s resistance volume, 4 days/week | 8 weeks | ↑↑OXPHOS ETC protein abundance ↑↑Oxidative capacity ↑TFAM (mitochondrial biogenesis) | ||
MacNeil et al. [100] | Sedentary (for 6 months) young adults | CT (RT- > ET or ET- > RT) | 65% VO2 max for 22.5 min, immediately followed by 3 sets of 10 repetitions with 1 min. rest, and vice versa | 6 weeks 3x/week | ↑↑ETC complex proteins I–V ↑↑Mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC-1α, PRC) Sequence of RT > ET is superior than ET > RT at upregulating complex II |