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Table 1 General characteristics and laboratory parameters of the training cohort (n = 198) and validation cohort (n = 459)

From: Development and validation of a prognostic COVID-19 severity assessment (COSA) score and machine learning models for patient triage at a tertiary hospital

 

Training cohort (N = 198)

Validation cohort (N = 459)

Severe (N = 63)

Non-severe (N = 135)

P value

Severe (N = 105)

Non-severe (N = 354)

P value

Demographics

 Age (years)

  Median (IQR)

65.0 (53.5, 79.5)

54.0 (36.0, 71.5)

 < 0.002a

69.0 (61.0, 79.0)

62.0 (46.0, 75.0)

 < 0.002a

 Sex

  Female, n (%)

11 (17.46%)

69 (51.11%)

 < 0.002b

33 (31.43%)

150 (42.49%)

0.055b

 Hospitalization

  Inpatients, n (%)

61 (96.83%)

84 (62.22%)

 < 0.002b

102 (97.14%)

216 (61.19%)

 < 0.002b

 Deaths

  Deceased, n (%)

25 (39.68%)

0 (0.00%)

 < 0.002b

33 (31.43%)

0 (0.00%)

 < 0.002b

 Weight (kg)

  Median (IQR)

83.00 (70.40, 97.00)

75.65 (62.00, 87.00)

0.241a

80.60 (70.00, 90.15)

77.20 (65.70, 87.00)

0.989a

 Height (cm)

  Median (IQR)

172.00 (165.00, 178.25)

170.00 (163.00, 177.00)

0.012a

170.00 (165.00, 176.00)

170.00 (164.00, 176.00)

0.037a

 Body Mass Index (BMI, kg/m2)

  Median (IQR)

27.62 (24.80, 31.57)

25.82 (22.52, 28.95)

0.018a

28.10 (24.95, 32.62)

26.23 (23.62, 29.59)

 < 0.002a

Laboratory parameters

 Maximal CRP levels

  Median (IQR)

176.00 (92.75, 279.75)

22.00 (6.00, 67.00)

 < 0.002a

146.00 (72.75, 228.25)

35.00 (8.00, 89.00)

 < 0.002a

 Maximal sodium levels

  Median (IQR)

142.00 (139.50, 146.00)

139.00 (136.00, 141.00)

 < 0.002a

142.00 (139.00, 145.00)

139.00 (137.00, 141.00)

 < 0.002a

 Minimal hemoglobin levels

  Median (IQR)

96.00 (78.25, 115.00)

132.00 (119.00, 141.00)

 < 0.002a

110.00 (86.00, 122.00)

128.00 (116.00, 141.00)

 < 0.002a

 Minimal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) values

  Median (IQR)

53.00 (25.00, 85.50)

87.00 (72.00, 104.00)

 < 0.002a

62.50 (32.50, 81.00)

82.00 (59.00, 98.00)

 < 0.002a

 Maximal glucose values

  Median (IQR)

10.10 (8.00, 12.75)

6.10 (5.48, 7.62)

 < 0.002a

10.70 (8.30, 13.50)

6.42 (5.60, 8.20)

 < 0.002a

 Maximal leukocytes values

  Median (IQR)

10.60 (7.83, 17.55)

5.92 (4.70, 7.77)

 < 0.002a

12.30 (8.95, 16.00)

6.73 (4.97, 8.78)

 < 0.002a

Comorbidities

 Substance use

  Smoker, n (%)

11 (17.46%)

16 (11.85%)

0.400b

–

–

–

  Alcohol, n (%)

5 (7.94%)

11 (8.15%)

1b

–

–

–

 Cardiovascular disorders

  Cardiovascular disorders, overall, n (%)

47 (74.60%)

56 (41.48%)

 < 0.002b

–

–

–

  Arterial hypertension, n (%)

35 (55.56%)

43 (31.85%)

0.003b

–

–

–

  Coronary heart disease, n (%)

13 (20.63%)

6 (4.44%)

 < 0.002b

–

–

–

  Congestive heart failure and cardiomyopathy, n (%)

16 (25.40%)

14 (10.37%)

0.011b

–

–

–

  Stroke, n (%)

8 (12.70%)

11 (8.15%)

0.451b

–

–

–

  Other, n (%)

16 (25.40%)

24 (17.78%)

0.292b

–

–

–

 Pulmonary disorders

  Pulmonary disorders, overall, n (%)

18 (28.57%)

35 (25.93%)

0.826b

–

–

–

  Asthma, n (%)

4 (6.35%)

15 (11.11%)

0.423b

–

–

–

  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), n (%)

6 (9.52%)

5 (3.70%)

0.183b

–

–

–

 Other, n (%)

10 (15.87%)

19 (14.07%)

0.906b

–

–

–

 Other disorders

  Type II diabetes (incl. prediabetes), n (%)

22 (34.92%)

20 (14.81%)

0.002b

–

–

–

  Cancer, n (%)

6 (9.52%)

16 (11.85%)

0.808b

–

–

–

  1. Laboratory values were considered from 3 day prior to until 1 day after the first positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test result; italic numbers indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) between severe and non-severe cases.
  2. IQR interquartile range
  3. aWilcoxon rank sum test
  4. bChi Square test