Fig. 6

Expression of heparan sulfate in epidermal and dermal skin. a, c, e Semi- quantitative analysis. b Generally, DM1 showed a higher expression of low sulfated heparan sulfate (blue) than HC. However, the staining extent of low sulfated heparan sulfate (blue) in DM1 was diffuse and of low intensitiy. d HSD increased the expression of moderately sulfated heparan sulfate (AO4B08, blue) in the dermis of HC. f For high sulfated heparan sulfate (HS4C3, blue) no differences could be observed between groups or between diets. We observed that high sulfated heparan sulfate showed a nuclear staining pattern. Blue represents HS4E4, AO4B08, or HS4C3, respectively. Purple represents Ulex Europaeus Agglutinin I (UEA I). LSD, low sodium diet. HSD, high sodium diet. DM1, type 1 diabetes. HME, hereditary multiple exostosis. HC, healthy controls. n = 8 (DM1), n = 7 (HME), n = 12 (HC). *P < 0.05. Data are presented as individual data with mean (SEM). Data were tested with a paired t-test or Wilcoxon test, as appropriate, to compare two diets, and with an unpaired t-test or Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, as appropriate, to compare two patient groups