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Table 2 Results of anthropometric analysis and blood biomarkers in the time-restricted-feeding and control group at baseline and after 3 months

From: Effects of time-restricted feeding in weight loss, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk in obese women

 

TRF group (n = 20)

Control group (n = 12)

∆ P-value

Baseline

3 months

Δ TRF t test

Baseline

3 months

Δ Control t test

∆ (TRF-control)

Weight (kg)

83.62 ± 3.95

80.24 ± 3.87

< 0.001

87.14 ± 3.25

88.49 ± 3.04

0.007

− 4.856

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m2)

32.53 ± 1.13

31.19 ± 1.11

< 0.001

34.55 ± 1.20

35.00 ± 1.10

0.078

− 1.886

< 0.001

Fat mass (kg)

36.91 ± 2.30

34.74 ± 2.24

< 0.001

39.74 ± 2.00

40.59 ± 1.95

0.050

− 3.125

< 0.001

WC (cm)

101.13 ± 2.42

97.15 ± 2.21

0.001

105.68 ± 3.11

106.95 ± 2.81

0.412

− 6.041

< 0.001

%BF

43.61 ± 0.69

42.71 ± 0.73

< 0.001

45.38 ± 0.69

45.73 ± 0.67

0.079

− 1.218

< 0.001

FMI (kg/m2)

14.33 ± 0.72

13.47 ± 0.71

< 0.001

15.71 ± 0.76

16.10 ± 0.76

0.060

− 1.301

< 0.001

MM (kg)

21.59 ± 0.93

20.91 ± 0.92

< 0.001

21.59 ± 0.70

21.78 ± 0.68

0.121

− 0.901

< 0.001

%MM

25.9 ± 1.1

26.2 ± 1.2

0.11

24.8 ± 1.3

24.7 ± 1.3

0.349

0.397

0.11

SMI (kg/m2)

8.40 ± 0.25

8.13 ± 0.24

< 0.001

8.51 ± 0.23

8.63 ± 0.23

0.128

− 0.394

< 0.001

MM/BMI (kg/kg/m2)

0.66 ± 0.02

0.67 ± 0.02

0.09

0.63 ± 0.02

0.62 ± 0.02

0.220

0.011

0.05

Insulin (mU/L)

9.2 ± 0.9

9.1 ± 1.0

0.86

10.3 ± 1.8

13.8 ± 3.2

0.133

− 3.494

0.07

Glucose (mg/dL)

86.2 ± 1.2

88.0 ± 1.4

0.25

91.6 ± 3.0

93.6 ± 4.5

0.458

− 0.336

0.91

HOMA-IR

1.88 ± 1.91

1.90 ± 0.22

0.88

2.35 ± 0.44

3.27 ± 0.86

0.117

− 0.717

0.13

SBP (mmHg)

126.7 ± 3.4

121.3 ± 3.1

0.03

134.5 ± 7.3

128.0 ± 4.0

0.227

− 2.542

0.48

DBP (mmHg)

86.9 ± 2.1

83.5 ± 2.1

0.06

91.3 ± 4.1

86.5 ± 4.1

0.167

0.111

0.97

Na+ (mEq/L)

141.5 ± 0.7

144.0 ± 0.8

0.02

142.7 ± 0.6

140.5 ± 1.8

0.336

3.268

0.10

K+ (mEq/L)

4.3 ± 0.08

4.3 ± 0.10

1.000

4.3 ± 0.07

4.3 ± 0.17

0.769

0.045

0.80

Frutosamine (µmol/L)

240.1 ± 5.6

242.5 ± 3.4

0.52

236.5 ± 5.2

240.3 ± 6.2

0.260

0.128

0.10

TC (mg/dL)

205.9 ± 8.3

214.7 ± 9.7

0.18

195.1 ± 11.3

188.5 ± 13.3

0.307

15.818

0.11

HDL-C (mg/dL)

60.5 ± 2.1

61.1 ± 2.3

0.73

56.6 ± 5.1

53.7 ± 4.8

0.201

4.177

0.14

LDL-C (mg/dL)

120.0 ± 6.5

127.4 ± 7.8

0.20

112.8 ± 7.3

111.1 ± 9.1

0.715

9.468

0.26

Cr (mg/dL)

0.70 ± 0.03

0.69 ± 0.02

0.79

0.67 ± 0.18

0.69 ± 0.03

0.475

− 0.007

0.82

Triglycerides (mg/dL)

144.0 ± 18.0

131.9 ± 17.6

0.18

148.1 ± 28.9

130.9 ± 24.8

0.228

4.307

0.77

CRP (mg/L)

6.3 ± 1.5

6.6 ± 1.4

0.86

9.1 ± 2.8

9.4 ± 2.2

0.889

− 1.599

0.47

Urea (mg/dL)

27.8 ± 1.4

27.6 ± 2.1

0.90

32.8 ± 1.4

32.3 ± 2.4

0.801

− 1.259

0.70

Total Bilirubin (mg/dL)

0.46 ± 0.07

0.42 ± 0.06

0.35

0.35 ± 0.03

0.35 ± 0.02

0.902

− 0.008

0.88

Indirect bilirubin (mg/dL)

0.37 ± 0.06

0.34 ± 0.05

0.38

0.28 ± 0.03

0.28 ± 0.02

0.922

− 0.002

0.97

Direct bilirubin (mg/dL)

0.09 ± 0.01

0.08 ± 0.01

0.30

0.07 ± 0.007

0.07 ± 0.005

0.461

− 0.005

0.65

ALP (U/L)

69.8 ± 4.9

65.5 ± 3.9

0.26

81.6 ± 9.5

69.9 ± 8.1

0.340

− 0.946

0.90

GOT (U/L)

19.7 ± 1.1

17.7 ± 1.6

0.14

18.2 ± 1.5

18.0 ± 1.3

0.916

− 1.307

0.53

ALT (U/L)

18.6 ± 2.0

15.0 ± 1.9

0.002

16.8 ± 2.1

17.1 ± 1.7

0.919

− 3.219

0.12

GGT (U/L)

23.0 ± 2.9

19.4 ± 2.1

0.06

29.3 ± 8.7

27.8 ± 5.4

0.751

− 4.818

0.05

Uric Acid (mg/dL)

4.7 ± 0.2

4.7 ± 0.2

0.93

5.0 ± 0.4

5.3 ± 0.4

0.358

− 0.398

0.27

TSH (µUI/mL)

3.06 ± 0.89

2.51 ± 0.39

0.09

2.65 ± 0.46

2.04 ± 0.21

0.130

0.126

0.71

T4 (ng/dL)

0.82 ± 0.03

0.86 ± 0.02

0.15

0.81 ± 0.02

0.83 ± 0.04

0.426

0.027

0.41

Total Protein (g/dL)

7.3 ± 0.1

7.3 ± 0.1

0.84

7.3 ± 0.1

7.0 ± 0.2

0.251

0.335

0.12

Albumin (g/dL)

4.2 ± 0.1

4.3 ± 0.1

0.70

4.2 ± 0.1

4.0 ± 0.2

0.195

0.307

0.18

Globulin (g/dL)

3.1 ± 0.1

3.0 ± 0.1

0.77

3.1 ± 0.1

3.0 ± 0.1

0.336

0.045

0.79

Estradiol (pg/mL)

128.2 ± 18.1

98.6 ± 15.7

0.17

67.9 ± 18.4

59.4 ± 10.6

0.565

24.190

0.31

  1. Results are presented as mean ± SEM. A paired t-test was performed between baseline and post-intervention in each group. ANCOVA was performed to detect changes in effect between groups
  2. ns not significant, %BF body fat percentage, %MM body skeletal muscle percentage, ALP alkaline phosphatase, ALT alanine aminotransferase, AST aspartate aminotransferase, BMI body mass index, CRP C-reactive protein, DBP diastolic blood pressure, FMI fat mass index, GGT gamma-glutamyl transferase, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; K+ blood potassium, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, MM muscle mass, MM/BMI muscle mass related to BMI, Na+ plasmatic sodium, SBP systolic blood pressure, SMI skeletal muscle index, TC total cholesterol, TSH thyroid-stimulating hormone, T4 free thyroxin, WC waist circumference