The roles of osteocytes in alveolar bone destruction in periodontitis

Table 2 The role of osteocytes in periodontitis and other systemic diseases

Influence factor	Alteration in osteocytes	Signaling pathway	Phenotype(s)	Disease status	References
PPR knockout	–	–	Endocortical bone formation↓, periosteal bone formation ↑	CKD	[125]
DMP1 or Phex loss/mutation	FGF23↑	–	Phosphate wasting↑, bone mineralization↓	Hypophosphatemic rickets	[128, 129]
Apoptosis of osteocytes	IL-6↑	IL-6/JAK/STAT	I-CAM1 in endothelial cells↑, osteoclast adherence↑	Periodontitis	[98]
	ATP↑	–	RANKL↑ (in bystander cells)	Periodontitis	[40, 100, 101]
	Apoptotic bodies	–	RANKL↑(in bystander cells), TNF-α↑ (in osteoclast precursor cells) Osteoclast differentiation↑	Periodontitis	[102, 103]
LPS	Il-6↑, RANKL↑	MAPK/ERK1/2, IL-6/JAK/STAT	Osteoclast differentiation↑, bone resorption↑	Periodontitis	[32]
TNF-α	RANKL↑	MAPK/ERK1/2/p38/JNK, NF-κB signaling	Osteoclast differentiation↑, bone resorption↑	Periodontitis	[34, 35]
TNF-α	Sclerostin↑	NF-κB signaling	Osteoblast activity↓, bone formation↓	Periodontitis	[35, 49]
Hyperglycemia and AGEs	Sclerostin↑	–	Osteoblast activity↓, bone formation↓	DM-related periodontitis	[51, 122]
PTH↓	Sclerostin↑	–	Bone formation↓, bone mineralization↓	Kidney transplantation complication	[124]
Loading	–	–	Metastasis↓, apoptosis↑ (in breast cancer cells)	Breast cancer	[126]
–	COX-2↑	–	Joint cartilage degeneration↑	OA, RA	[127]
–	DMP-1↑, FGF23↓	–	Phosphate wasting↑, osteomalacia	CKD	[123]