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Table 2 Roles of exosomes derived from hypoxic tumor cells in cancer

From: Hypoxic exosomes orchestrate tumorigenesis: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications

Cancer

Cell line

Hypoxic condition

Exosome cargo

Mechanism

Function

Colorectal

HT29 and HCT116

1% O2

Wnt4

Up-regulates β-catenin nuclear

translocation in endothelial cells

Increase angiogenesis [137]

Glioblastoma multiforme

U87MG

1% O2

TF

induces TF/VIIa-mediated PAR-2 activation in endothelial cells

Increase angiogenesis [138]

Renal

Caki-1, KMRC-1, OSRC-2 and 786-O cells

1% O2

CA9

Increases its target MMP2

Increase angiogenesis [139]

Prostate

PCA LNCaP and PC3 cells

1% O2

Proteins

ND

Increase invasion and migration [67]

Nasopharyngeal

CNE1 and CNE2

TW03, C666 and CNE2 and the NP69

1% O2

1% O2

MMP13

HIF-1α

miR-24-3p

ND

Induces EMT

ND

Increase invasion and migration [140]

Modulate immune

response [141]

Lung and leukemia

IGR-Heu lung carcinoma cell line / K562, NK92, and NKD cell lines

0.1% O2

TGF-β1 and miR-23a

TGF-β1 suppresses NKG2D, and miR-23a directly inhibits CD107a

Modulate immune response [142]

Bladder

5637 cells

1% O2

linc-UCA1

Induces EMT

Increase invasion and migration [143]

Hepatocellular

HepG2, Hep3B, PLC-PRF5 and Huh-7

21% O2

linc-RoR

ND

Increase invasion and migration [78]

Breast cancer

4T1

0.1% O2

miR-210

Suppresses the expression of Ephrin A3 and PTP1B

Increase angiogenesis [63]

ovarian

SKOV3

1% O2

miR-940

Induces M2-type macrophages exhibiting CD163 and CD206 markers

Modulate immune response [89]

lung

A549, H1299, and HCC827

1% O2

miR-494

miR-23a

Suppresses PTEN and activates

Akt/eNOS pathway in endothelial cells

Down-regulating PHD1, PHD2 and ZO-1

Increase angiogenesis [93]

Increase angiogenesis [92]

Leukemia

K562

1% O2

miR-210

Inhibits the expression of Ephrin A3

Increase angiogenesis [101]

Oral squamous cell

SCC-9 and CAL-27

1% O2

miR-21

Induces EMT

Promote invasion and migration [144]

Multiple myeloma

RPMI8226, KMS-11, and U266

1% O2

miR-135b

Down-regulates FIH-1

Increase angiogenesis [134]