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Table 2 Principal component analysis (PCA) factor pattern correlation (LYMPHONIE study, 2018-2020)

From: The dysregulated innate immune response in severe COVID-19 pneumonia that could drive poorer outcome

Factor Pattern

Factor1

Factor2

Factor3

Factor4

Clinical features and outcomes

 Body mass index

–

0.319

–

–

 Pneumonia Severity Index

0.393

–

–

–

 SOFA score

0.571

–

0.382

–

 ICU length of stay

–

–

0.333

0.686

 Mechanical ventilation duration

–

–

0.331

0.70

 Hospital length of stay

–

−0.303

0.344

0.585

Biological findings and immune cells 

 PaO2:FiO2

–

–

–

–

 Lactate level

0.675

–

–

–

 C-reactive protein

0.506

–

–

−0.302

 Procalcitonin

0.579

–

0.375

−0.442

 Serum Creatinine

0.623

–

0.318

−0.344

 NT-ProBNP

0.596

–

–

–

 Leukocytes

–

–

−0.644

–

 Neutrophils

–

–

−0.622

–

 Monocytes

−0.472

–

−0.322

−0.317

 Lymphocytes

−0.567

–

–

–

 CD3 + T Lymphocytes

−0.587

–

–

–

 CD4 +/CD8 + T Lymphocytes

–

–

–

–

 NK cells

–

–

–

–

Cytokine plasma concentrations 

 sCD40-Ligand

0.525

0.472

−0.396

–

 FLT3L

0.699

0.466

–

–

 CX3CL1

0.732

–

–

–

 G-CSF

0.553

0.316

–

–

 GM-CSF

0.615

–

–

0.501

 Granzyme B

0.618

0.478

–

–

 CXCL1

0.534

–

–

–

 CXCL2

0.432

–

–

–

 INF-α

0.300

0.328

–

0.308

 IL1-α

0.347

0.453

−0.561

–

 IL1-ß

0.672

0.492

–

–

 IL1-RA

0.628

–

0.343

–

 IL-2

0.648

0.344

–

–

 IL-6

0.588

0.552

–

–

 IL-7

0.419

–

−0.548

–

 IL-8

0.491

–

0.301

–

 IL-10

0.477

0.312

–

–

 IL-15

0.815

–

–

–

 IL-33

0.307

0.402

–

–

 CXCL10

0.635

–

–

0.35

 CCL2

0.696

–

0.453

–

 CCL3

0.589

 

0.406

–

 CCL4

0.361

–

0.409

–

 CCL20

0.737

–

–

–

 CCL19

0.498

0.544

–

–

 PD-L1

0.787

–

–

–

 CCL5

–

0.318

−0.582

–

 TGF-α

0.401

0.465

−0.467

–

 TNF-α

0.837

–

–

–

 TRAIL

−

–

−0.36

–

Cytokine production of blood leukocytes on ex vivo stimulation

 sCD40-Ligand (WBS)

−0.809

0.481

–

–

 GM-CSF (WBS)

−0.65

0.45

–

–

 INF-γ (WBS)

−0.426

0.309

–

–

 IL1-ß (WBS)

−0.624

0.487

–

–

 IL-2 (WBS)

−0.609

0.414

–

–

 IL-4 (WBS)

−0.432

–

0.314

–

 IL-5 (WBS)

−0.414

0.340

–

 

 IL-6 (WBS)

−0.671

0.565

–

 

 IL-10 (WBS)

−0.499

0.347

–

 

 IL-12 (WBS)

−0.772

0.474

–

 

 IL-13 (WBS)

−0.686

0.414

–

 

 IL-15 (WBS)

−0.824

0.399

–

 

 IL-17A (WBS)

−0.472

0.349

–

 

 IL-33 (WBS)

−0.805

0.485

–

 

 TNF-α (WBS)

−0.617

0.471

–

 
  1. The table shows results of principal component analysis (PCA) including 64 variables (clinical characteristics and outcomes (n = 6), biological findings (n = 13), plasma cytokines (n = 30), cytokine production upon ex vivo stimulation (n = 15)). For clarity, we present only results for magnitude of the loading of at least 0.3
  2. SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, PaO2:FiO2 arterial pressure of oxygen/oxygen inspiratory fraction, ICU intensive care unit, NT-proBNP N-Terminal Fragment of the Prohormone Brain-Type Natriuretic Peptide, NK Natural killer, WBS whole blood stimulation