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Table 2 The general characteristics of the studies included in the meta-analysis of the association between childhood obesity prevention policies and Body mass index (BMI) and BMI-Zscore

From: The effectiveness of pediatric obesity prevention policies: a comprehensive systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials

Setting (N of studies)

First Author/Year of publish/(reference)

Main focus

Interventiona

Study typeb

Country/name of program

Increase of PAc

Sessiond

Total sample (IN, CN)

Duration (year)

Range of age

Follow-up (year)e

Frequency of intervention

Target group

Quality scoref

g↓ in BMI

g↓ in BMI-Z

School (n = 25)

Wang/2018 [22]

PA

2

1

China/YOG-Obesity study

NR

NR

9858 (5275, 4583)

1

9–12

0h

W

Children

1

Leme/2018 [23] (two individual study due to follow up)

Diet + PA

0

1

Brazil/H3G-Brazil

NR

60

253 (412, 111)

0.5

14–18

0, 0.5

M

Children and parents

3

Lubans/2016 [24] (two individual study due to follow up)

Diet + PA

2

1

Australia/ATLAS

26

3

361 (181, 180)

0.66

12–14

0, 0.84

W

Children

1

Hollis/2016 [25] (two individual study due to follow up)

Diet + PA

2

1

Australia/PA4E1

70,156

288

1150 (645, 505)

1, 2

10–11

0

W

Children

2

Smith/2014 [26]

PA

2

1

Australia/ATLAS

18

1.5

361 (181, 180)

0.41

12–14

0.25

W

Children

2

j

Lubans/2012 [27]

Diet + PA

2

1

Australia/NEAT Girl

91.5

4.6

357 (178, 179)

1

12–14

0

W

Children

1

Millar/2011 [28]

Diet + PA

2

1

Australia/IYM

NR

NR

2054 (1276, 778)

1

12–18

1.3

D

Children

1

Llargues/2011 [29]

Diet + PA

2

1

US/AVall

NR

288

509 (272, 237)

2

5–6

0

W

Children

1

j

Salcedo Aguilar/2010 [30] (four individual study due to sex and duration)

PA

2

1

New Zealand/MOVI

234,468

126

921 (375, 546)

1, 1.66

9–10

0

W

Children

1

j

Neumark-Sztainer/2010 [31] (two individual study due to follow up)

Diet + PA

2

1

US/New Moves

32

27.33

356 (182, 147)

0.33

14–189

0, 0.41

W

Children

1

j

Group/2010 [32]

Diet + PA

2

1

US/school-based program on risk factors for DM

NR

NR

4603 (2307, 2296)

2

11–12

0

NR

Children

3

i

Dzewaltowski/2010 [33]

Diet + PA

2

1

US/HOP’N

215

240

273 (148, 125)

2

9–10

0

D

Children

3

Donnelly/2009 [34]

PA

2

1

US/PAAC

234

NR

1527 (814, 713)

3

6–9

0

W

Children

1

j

Taylor/2008 [35] (two individual study due to follow up)

Diet + PA

2

2

New Zealand/APPLE

NR

NR

727 (381, 346)

1

6–11

0, 1.8

D

Children

3

NRk

Martínez Vizcaíno /2008 [36] (two individual study due to sex)

PA

2

1

Spain/Movi

108

NR

1119 (513, 579)

0.5

9–10

0

W

Children

2

j

Foster/2008 [37]

Diet + PA

2

1

US/SNPI

NR

180

1349 (749, 600)

2

9–12

0

W

Children

2

i

Community, school (n = 14)

Bell/2019 [38]

Diet + PA

3

1

Australia/OPAL

NR

NR

2353 (1208, 1145)

5

0–18

0

D

Children and parents

3

j

Santiago Felipe/2018 [39]

Diet + PA

3

1

Spain/TCHP

NR

30

2086 (974, 112)

1.25

8–10

0

W

Children and parents

3

 

Novotny/2018 [40]

Diet + PA

3

1

US/Children’s Healthy Living Program

NR

NR

1882 (952, 930)

2

2–8

0

NR

Children

2

i

Adab/2018 [41] (three individual study due to follow up)

Diet + PA

1

1

UK/WAVES

45

21

1392 (660, 732)

1

6–7

0.25, 1.5, 2.25

D

Children

3

i

Sadeghi/2017 [42] (two individual study due to sex)

Diet + PA

0

1

US/NSFS

10.4

NR

422 (271, 151)

3

3–8

1

W

Children

1

i

Swinburn/2014 [43]

Diet + PA

3

1

Australia/BAEW

NR

NR

1674 (877, 797)

3

10–12

0

D

Children

1

Pettman/2014 [44] (two individual study due to age groups)

Diet + PA

3

1

Australia/ewba

NR

NR

2631 (1300, 1331)

3

4–5, 10–12

0

NR

Children

2

Kremer/2011 [45]

Diet + PA

3

1

Fiji/HYHC

NR

NR

2968 (879, 2069)

1.75

13–18

0

NR

Children

2

Fotu/2011 [46]

Diet + PA

3

1

Tonga/MYP

NR

NR

1712 (815, 897)

2.4

11–19

0

NR

Children and parents

3

Sanigorski/2008 [47]

Diet + PA

3

2

Australia/BAEW

NR

NR

3688 (1001, 2687)

3

4–12

0

D

Children

2

School, home (n = 2)

Romon/2009 {48] (two individual study due to sex)

Diet + PA

2

2

France/FLVS

NR

NR

1502 (804, 698)

12

5–12

0

NR

Children

1

j

Community, school, home (n = 5)

Crespo/2012 [49] (three individual study due to follow up)

Diet + PA

3

1

US/APN

NR

22

392 (165, 227)

1

5–7

0, 1, 2

NR

Children

3

i

Gentile/2009 [50] (two individual study due to duration)

Diet + PA

3

1

US/ Switch& what you Do, View, and Chew

NR

NR

1323 (670, 653)

6,12

6–11

0

NR

Children

2

j

Community, school, home, primary care clinic (n = 12)

Economos CD /2007 [51] (four individual study due to community and sex)

Diet + PA

3

2

US/SUS

40

16

1178 (385, 793)

0.66

6–8

0

W

Children and parents and teachers and policy makers

2

i

Wong/2016 [52] (three individual study due to follow up)

Diet + PA

2

1

US/Healthy Kids Houston

NR

NR

877 (524, 353)

0.125, 0.25, 0.375

9–12

0, 0.125, 0.25

W

Children

1

Johnson/2012 [5])

Diet + PA

3

1

Australia/BAEW

NR

NR

2905 (1726, 1183)

3

4–12

0

NR

Children

3

NRk

de Silva-Sanigorski /2010 [54] (two individual study due to age groups)

Diet + PA

3

1

Australia/Romp and Chomp

NR

NR

35,157 (2778, 32,379)

3

0–5

3

D

Children

1

✔ (only in 2 years old)

✔ (only in 2 years old)

Taylor/2007 [55] (two individual study due to duration)

Diet + PA

3

2

New Zealand/APPLE

NR

NR

470 (251, 219)

1,2

5–12

0

NR

Children

1

Community, home (n = 3)

de Henauw/2015 [56] (two individual study due to sex)

Diet + PA

3

2

8 European countries/IDEFICS

NR

NR

16,228 (4882, 7746)

0.58

2–9.9

1.42

NR

Children and parents

1

i

✔ (in girls)

Elder /2014 [57]

Diet + PA

3

1

US/MOVE

NR

36.6

541 (271, 270)

2

10–14

0

W

Parent

3

Primary care clinic (n = 1)

Eno Persson/2018 [58]

Diet + PA

0

2

Sweden/PRIMROSE

NR

NR

1030 (431, 599)

3.25

0.75–5

1

NR

Parent

3

j

Cyberspace (n = 2)

Hammersley/2019 [59] (two individual study due to follow up)

Diet + PA

0

1

Australia/Time2bHealthy

NR

NR

86 (42, 44)

0.5

2–5

0.25, 0.5

M

Parent

3

j

  1. D daily, W weekly, M monthly, NR not reported
  2. a 0: Only education, 1: education as curricula, 2: education + change in school environment (such as increased PA or changes in school diet), 3: involvement other community sections)
  3. b 1: Randomized controlled-trials(RCT), 2: Non-randomized controlled-trials
  4. c Total hours increase of PA in the duration of intervention
  5. d Educational session was held in the duration of intervention
  6. e Follow-up from end of intervention
  7. f 1: weak, 2: moderate, 3: strong, Component scores for quality rating are included in Additional file 1: Table S4
  8. g Tickets () show a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the body mass index (BMI) or BMI Zscore (BMI-Z)
  9. h Follow up 0 means: Immediately After the End of the Intervention
  10. i BMI was not as outcomes
  11. j BMI-Z was not as outcomes
  12. k BMI was among the outcomes, but no significant changes were reported