Table 1 Baseline characteristics and biochemical assessments

Age, years

61.99 ± 4.88

62.89 ± 11.67

NS

60.54 ± 14.4

65.0 ± 8.9

NS

Male/female

25/15

96/52

NS

29/17

67/35

NS

BMI kg/m²

24.56 ± 4.21

25.62 ± 3.43

NS

25.4 ± 4.1

25.7 ± 3.0

NS

SBP mmHg

124.20 ± 13.79

136.86 ± 14.84

 < 0.001

135.8 ± 12.3

137.2 ± 15.9

NS

DBP mmHg

70.02 ± 8.82

75.58 ± 9.58

 < 0.001

74.7 ± 8.8

76.0 ± 10.0

NS

Smoking (n, %)

12 (30%)

45 (30.4%)

NS

15 (32.6%)

30 (29.4%)

NS

Alcohol (n, %)

11 (27.5%)

46 (31.1%)

NS

15 (33.3%)

31 (30.4%)

NS

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.46 ± 1.05

1.77 ± 1.15

 < 0.001

1.78 ± 1.28

1.75 ± 1.09

NS

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.35 ± 0.73

4.28 ± 0.92

NS

4.17 ± 0.64

4.32 ± 1.03

NS

HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.54 ± 0.339

1.05 ± 0.23

 < 0.001

0.97 ± 0.26

1.05 ± 0.23

NS

LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

2.35 ± 0.59

2.47 ± 0.83

NS

2.44 ± 0.50

2.48 ± 0.94

NS

Fasting glucose (mmol/L)

5.35 ± 0.34

7.75 ± 1.82

 < 0.001

7.29 ± 1.70

7.98 ± 1.84

0.033

HbA1c (%)

5.57 ± 0.21

7.74 ± 1.27

 < 0.001

7.43 ± 1.19

8.03 ± 1.24

0.006

Creatinine (µmol/L)

77.31 ± 8.81

76.70 ± 37.4

NS

67.63 ± 20.22

78.16 ± 21.13

0.005

Blood urea nitrogen (mmol/L)

6.21 ± 0.89

6.41 ± 2.34

NS

5.90 ± 1.78

6.55 ± 1.96

NS

GFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

86.18 ± 7.54

88.70 ± 22.30

NS

97.86 ± 19.60

84.31 ± 17.45

 < 0.001

HDL-CEL level (ng/mg)

25.41 ± 10.35

36.63 ± 18.06

 < 0.001

32.92 ± 17.81

38.31 ± 18.01

NS

HDL-CBL level (ng/mg)

6.13 ± 1.94

12.00 ± 4.06

 < 0.001

10.35 ± 4.11

12.75 ± 3.82

0.001

hs-CRP level (mg/L)

0.67 (0.10–1.20)

0.83 (0.35–2.51)

NS

MPO level (μg/L)

164.6 ± 28.4

179.0 ± 31.69

0.009

Medical treatment

 Crossover treatment

9 (19.6%)

23 (22.5%)

NS

 Insulin therapy

15 (32.6%)

37 (36.2%)

NS

 Metformin

20 (43.4%)

50 (49.0%)

NS

 Sulphonyl urea

13 (28.3%)

29 (28.4%)

NS

 a-Glucosidase

24 (52.2%)

45 (44.1%)

NS

 Statin

25 (54.3%)

83 (81.4%)

0.01

 Anti-hypertensive drugs

28 (60.8%)

65 (63.7%)

NS