Extracellular vesicles as potential biomarkers and therapeutic approaches in autoimmune diseases

Table 2 EV-associated biomarkers in systemic lupus erythematosus

EVs or cargo in EVs	Source	Isolation method	Quantification method	References
Total MPs	Plasma	Affinity-based capture	Flow cytometry	[35]
Total MPs, PMPs, CD25 + MPs, EMPs, monocyte-derived MPs, and T cell-derived MPs	Plasma	Centrifugation	Flow cytometry	[23]
Total MPs and IgG + MPs	Plasma	Centrifugation	Flow cytometry	[37]
Total MPs, IgM + MPs, and IgG + MPs	Plasma	Centrifugation	Flow cytometry	[38]
IgM + MPs and C1q + MPs	Plasma	Affinity-based capture	Flow cytometry	[11]
CD14 + monocyte-derived MPs	Plasma	Centrifugation	Flow cytometry	[40]
Total MPs and phosphatidylserine-negative MPs	Plasma	Centrifugation	Flow cytometry	[36]
CD41 + MPs harboring IgG and CD41– MP harboring IgG	Plasma	Affinity-based capture	Flow cytometry	[41]
CD31 + /annexin V + /CD42b- EMPs	Plasma	Affinity-based capture	Flow cytometry	[42]
Total EMPs, CD54 + EMPs, CD54- EMPs, and CD54 + EMPs/total EMPs	Plasma	Fluorophore-conjugated mAb staining	Flow cytometry	[34]
Total MPs and PMPs	Plasma	Centrifugation	Flow cytometry and a functional prothrombinase capture assay	[22]

MPs microparticles, PMPs platelet-derived MPs, EMPs endothelial microparticles, PS- MPs phosphatidylserine-negative MPs

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