Models | Methods (drug/dose/route/duration) | Major findings | Interpretations | References | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oxidative stress | Apoptosis | Histopathology | ||||
HK-2 cells treated with iohexol/200 mg I/mL/6 h | Atorvastatin/1, 20, 40 µM/2 h prior to iohexol | – | ↑ MTT cell viability ↓ annexin V-positive cells ↓ mRNA expression of intracellular NOX4 and p22phox All effects by atorvastatin 40 µM | ↓ nuclear fragmentation ↓ organelle reduction ↓ mitochondrial vacuolar degeneration | Atorvastatin attenuated iohexol-induced cytotoxicity through downregulation of NOX4 and p22phox | [16] |
MDCK cells & HK-2 cells treated with iodixanol/200 mg/mL/3 h | Atorvastatin/0.2 µmol/L/12 h prior to iodixanol | – | ↑ MTS cell viability ↓ caspase-3 ↓ JNK ↓ p53 phosphorylation | – | Pretreatment with atorvastatin reduced contrast-induced JNK activation, leading to apoptosis | [29] |
HK-2 cells treated with iohexol 150 mg I/mL/12 h | Specific Nox1/4 inhibitor (GKT137831)/20 µg/mL/30 min prior to iohexol | ↑ Nox2 and Nox4 mRNA expression ↓ ROS production | ↓ caspase 3/7 activity ↑ MTT and ATPlite cell viability ↓ MAPK pathways (phospho-p38, JNK and ERK pathways) ↓ Bax | – | Inhibition of Nox4 activity attenuated CIN | [17] |
NRK-52E rodent tubular cells treated with iohexol/100 mg/mL/3 h | Resveratrol/10, 50 µmol/24 h prior to iohexol | ↑ SIRT1 ↑ PGC-1α expression ↑ SOD2 | ↑ MTT cell viability | – | Resveratrol attenuated iohexol-induced nephrotoxicity via activating SIRT1-PGC-1α-FoxO1 signaling, leading to reduced oxidative stress and apoptosis | [21] |
HK-2 cells treated with ioversol/50 mg/mL/24 h | Sulforaphane (Nrf-2 activator)/5 µmol/L/30 min prior to ioversol | ↓ ROS production | ↑ MTT cell viability ↑ Nrf-2, NQO-1 and HO-1 gene expression ↔ MTT cell viability in Nrf-2 siRNA | – | Renoprotective effect of sulforaphane in ioversol-induced nephrotoxicity was associated with Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway | [27] |
HK-2 cells treated with H2O2/250 µM/L/3, 24 h | HSA-Trx/0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10 µmol/L/1 h prior to H2O2 | ↓ ROS production in a dose-dependent manner | ↓ WST-8-positive cells in a dose-dependent manner | – | HSA-Trx attenuated oxidative stress and inflammation in CIN | [37] |
HK-2 cells treated with H2O2/500 µmol/L/24 h | Magnolin/10, 40 µg/mL/prior to H2O2 | ↓ ROS | ↓ caspase-3 ↑ Bcl-2 | – | Magnolin attenuated oxidative stress and apoptosis | [49] |
HK-2 cells treated with H2O2/250 mM/3, 24 h | Salvianolic acid B/50 µM/1 h prior to H2O2 Wortmannin (PI3K inhibitor)/10 µM/1 h prior to H2O2 | ↓ ROS production | ↑ MTT cell viability ↑ CCK-8 cell viability ↑ p-Akt and nuclear-Nrf-2 expression (salvianolic acid B) ↓ p-Akt and nuclear-Nrf-2 expression (wortmannin) | – | Salvianolic acid B attenuated oxidative stress and provided cell protection via PI3K/Akt/Nrf-2 pathway | [26] |