Table 1 The characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis
First author | Country | Journal/year | Disease status/setting | Design/gender | Num. (total-each category) | Age range (y) | Dietary assessment tool | SSB dose (mean/median g/d) | SSB type | Main Results | Adjustments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ambrosini GL [8] | Australia | Am J Clin Nut/2013 | Apparently healthy/community | Cohort/both | 1433/478 | 14, 17 | FFQ | 47.5 ± 37.1 | Carbonated + cordials or and non-100% fruit juice/ | SBP in higher tertiles of SSB intake was higher than lower tertile (P = 0.03). No difference in DBP was found. | Age, pubertal stage, physical fitness, dietary misreporting, maternal education, family income, BMI, healthy and Western dietary pattern scores. |
Barstad LH [37] | Norway | BMC Pediatrics/2018 | Severe obesity/clinic | Cross-sectional | 313/(62-70) | 12–18 | Self-administered FFQ | None to at least 4 glasses per week ( ̴ 1375) | Sugar-sweetened soda | SBP in higher intakes of SSB was higher than lower. | – |
Bortsov AV [26] | USA | Acta Diabetologica/2011 | Youth with T1DM/clinic | Cross-sectional/both | 902/(304-600) | 10–22 | FFQ | 0-750 | Sugar-sweetened soda | No significant difference in SBP or DBP between three categories SSB intake | Age, sex, race/ethnicity, parental education, diabetes duration, skipping insulin, time watching TV, involvement in team sports, and total energy intake, BMI-z-score, saturated fat intake, total fiber intake |
Bremer AA [39] | USA | Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med/2009 | Apparently healthy/community | Cross-sectional/both | 2630/(876) | 12-19 | FFQ | Low (≤ 20th percentile) to high (≥ 80th percentile) of the sum of the number of SSB serving equivalents | Caloric soft drinks, colas, sugar-sweetened fruit drinks, or other SSBs | Significantly higher SBP values (P = 0.03) and no difference in DBP values between low and high SSB consumers | PA, age, sex, race, energy intake (in kilocalories) |
Chan TF [13] | Taiwan | Nutrients/2014 | Apparently healthy/school | Cross-sectional/females | 2727/(242-196) | 12–16 | FFQ | Non to > 750 | Any type | No significant difference between SBP and DBP of different SSB categories | Age, gender, study area, PA, total calories, alcohol and smoking |
Chan TF [13] | Taiwan | Nutrients/2014 | Apparently healthy/school | Cross-sectional/males | 2727/(406-120) | 12–16 | FFQ | Non to > 750 | Any type | Significantly higher SBP in higher intakes compared with lower intakes of SSB (P = 0.043). No difference in DBP was observed. | Age, gender, study area, PA, total calories, alcohol and smoking. |
DeBoer EC [19] | USA | Clinical Nutrition- ESPEN/2013 | Apparently healthy/home | Birth cohort/both | 9600 | 5–6 | FFQ | 0-750 | Chocolate milk, yogurt drinks, lemonades, juices and soft drinks | Significantly higher SBP in higher versus lower SSB tertiles | Sex, height and age, ethnicity, maternal SES, BMI, PA, screen time, gestational age, birth weight, maternal BMI and paternal BMI, pubertal stage |
DeBoer EC [19] | USA | Clinical Nutrition- ESPEN/2013 | Apparently healthy/home | Birth cohort/both | 2516/(794-905) | 11-12 | FFQ | 0-950 | Yogurt drinks, soft drinks, juices, lemonades, sport drinks and energy drinks | Significantly higher SBP in higher versus lower SSB tertiles | Sex, height and age, ethnicity, maternal SES, BMI, PA, screen time, gestational age, birth weight, maternal BMI and paternal BMI, pubertal stage |
Gui ZH [23] | China | Nutrients/2017 | Apparently healthy/community | Cross-sectional/both | 53,151/(15 763- 17773) | 6-17 | FFQ | 0-500 | Coca-Cola, Sprite, orange juice, Nutrition Express, and Red Bull | Significantly higher SBP and DBP in higher versus lower SSB intakes (P < 0.001), no difference in odds of HTN in different SSB intakes. | Age, sex, and residence, maternal education, paternal education, family income, screen time, and PA, meat and fried food for overweight, obesity, and abdominal obesity; and meat, fried food, height, and BMI for blood pressure. |
He B [24] | China | J AtherosclThromb/ 2018 | Apparently healthy/school | Cross-sectional/both | 2032/(440-705) | 6–18 | FFQ | 0-120 | Carbonated drinks, juices, and sports and sweet tea beverages. | Significantly higher SBP and DBP in higher versus lower SSB intakes (P < 0.001). | Age, gender, physical activities, sleeping duration, sedentary behavior, and dietary information |
Lin WT [38] | Taiwan | Int J Obesity/2013 | Apparently healthy/School | Cross-sectional/both | 2727/(164-317) | 12-16 | FFQ | non-intake to ≥ 1000 ml/d | SSB, including soft drinks, fruit drinks and sweetened teas. | Significant increase in SBP (3.47 mmHg; P = 0.004) and no significant change in DBP (p = 0.514) in higher versus lower SSB consumers. | The study area, age, gender, PA, total calories, the intake of meat, seafood, fruit, fried food and a food with jelly/honey, as well as for alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking. |
Loh DA [27] | Malaysia | Pediatric Obes/2015 | Apparently healthy/School | Cross-sectional/both | 881/(293) | 13 | FFQ | 338.75 | Carbonate beverages | No significant difference in SBP and DBP between SSB tertiels. | – |
Mirmiran et al. [15] | Iran | Nutr Metab/2015 | Apparently healthy/Community | Cohort/both | 424/(106) | 6–18 | FFQ | 132.7 | Sugar sweetened carbonated soft drinks (SSSDs) and fruit juice drinks (non-100% fruit juices) | Significantly higher SBP in highest versus lowest SSB category (P = 0.021). No difference in DBP between SSB quartiles (P = 0.52). Higher odds of HTN in highest versus lowest SSB category (2.90 (0.91–9.26); P = 0.043) | Age, sex, total energy intake, PA, family history of diabetes dietary fiber, tea and coffee, red and processed meat, fruit, and vegetable, BMI |
Qin Z [9] | China | J Hyper/2018 | Apparently healthy/School | Cross-sectional/both | 10091/(249-203) | Grade 4: 9.04 ± 0.38 Grade 7: 12.03 ± 0.41 | FFQ | Consumers/non-consumers | Sprite and Coca-Cola | Higher odds of HTN in SSB consumers versus non-consumers [OR:1.40 (1.15,1.70)] | School, parental educational attainment, PA, diet intake of meat and snacks |
Souza BSN [10] | Brazil | J Hypert/2016 | Apparently healthy/school | Cross-sectional/both | 488/(419-25) | 9–16 | FFQ | 500 | Soft drinks, fruit drinks and sweetened teas | Significantly higher SBP and DBP in SSB consumers than non-consumers (P < 0.05) | Age, sex, BMI, PA, addition of salt to food at the table, and education of the head of the family |
Zhu Z [11] | China | Pediatric Obes/2020 | Apparently healthy/Community | Cross-sectional/both | 3958/(343-2582) | 6-17 | FFQ | 201.7 | Nonalcoholic beverages sweetened by sugar, excluding fresh juice. | Significantly higher SBP and DBP in high consumers versus low consumers (P < 0.001; P = 0.004) | Age, gender, energy intake, pubertal stage, daily sedentary time, maternal education, household income, |