Table 5 Preliminary targeted panel—therapeutic relevance focus
From: A modular framework for the development of targeted Covid-19 blood transcript profiling panels
Module set | Module ID | NCBI Entrez ID | Symbol | Name | Relevance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A1/S1 | M15.38 | 916 | CD3E | CD3e molecule | Immunological | Not suitable for targeting (adaptive immunity) |
A1/S2 | M14.49 | 974 | CD79B | CD79b molecule | Immunological | Not suitable for targeting (adaptive immunity) |
A1/S3 | M14.80 | 3122 | HLA-DRA | Major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR alpha | Immunological | Not suitable for targeting (adaptive immunity) |
A2/S1 | M9.1 | 3002 | GZMB | Granzyme B | Immunological | Not suitable for targeting (adaptive immunity) |
A2/S2 | M13.13 | 4282 | MIF | Macrophage migration inhibitory factor | Immunological | Not suitable for targeting (adaptive immunity -presumed) |
A4/S1 | M16.77 | 3811 | KIR3DL1 | Killer cell immunoglobulin like receptor, three Ig domains and long cytoplasmic tail 1 | Immunological | Not suitable for targeting (adaptive immunity) |
A5/S1 | M16.95 | 972 | CD74 | CD74 molecule | Immunological | Not suitable for targeting (adaptive immunity) |
A5/S2 | M16.111 | 27242 | TNFRSF21 | TNF receptor superfamily member 21 | Immunological | Not suitable for targeting (adaptive immunity) |
A7/S1 | M15.61 | 23166 | STAB 1 | Stabilin 1 | Immunological | No suitable candidates identified |
A8/S1 | M16.30 | 1728 | NQO1 | NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 | Therapeutic | Vatiquinone (EPI-743) has been found to inhibit ferroptosis [30], a process associated with tissue injury [31], including in sepsis [32] |
A8/S2 | M16.106 | 57823 | SLAMF7 | SLAM family member 7 | Immunological | No suitable candidates identified |
A10/S1 | M15.102 | 246 | ALOX15 | Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase | Immunological | No suitable candidates identified |
A26/S1 | M12.2 | 729230 | CCR2 | C–C motif chemokine receptor 2 | Therapeutic | Anti-inflammatory properties have been attributed to the CCR2/CCR5 blocker Cenicriviroc [53] |
A27/S1 | M12.15 | 608 | TNFRSF17 | TNF receptor superfamily member 17 | Immunological | Not suitable for targeting (adaptive immunity) |
A28/S1 | M8.3 | 4599 | MX1 | MX dynamin like GTPase 1 | Therapeutic | Inducible by Interferon-beta treatment |
A28/S2 | M15.64 | 1230 | CCR1 | C–C motif chemokine receptor 1 | Therapeutic | Inducible by Interferon-beta treatment |
A28/S3 | M10.1 | 3433 | IFIT2 | Interferon induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 2 | Therapeutic | Inducible by Interferon-beta treatment |
A31/S1 | M16.64 | 6915 | TBXA2R | Thromboxane A2 receptor | Therapeutic | Thromboxane A2 synthase inhibitors have antiplatelet aggregation activities and anti-inflammatory activities (drugs include: Defibrotide/Seratrodast, Ozagrel) |
A31/S2 | M15.58 | 5743 | PTGS2 | Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 | Therapeutic | PTGS2 encodes COX-2. Several specific inhibitors are available which possess anti-inflammatory properties (e.g. celecoxib, rofecoxib, valdecoxib) |
A33/S1 | M15.104 | 5151 | PDE8A | Phosphodiesterase 8A | Therapeutic | PDE8A, is targeted by Pentoxifylline, a non-selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor that increases perfusion and may reduce risk of acute kidney injury and attenuates LPS-induced inflammation |
A33/S2 | M14.19 | 23765 | IL17RA | Interleukin 17 receptor A | Therapeutic | Brodalumab may be beneficial in reducing the viral illness exacerbation. But current recommendation is discontinuation of use in COVID 19 |
A34/S1 | M16.109 | 5742 | PTGS1 | Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 | Therapeutic | Encodes for Cox-1. COX inhibitors including Aspirin, Indomethacin, Naproxen have direct antiviral properties as well as anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic properties |
A35/S1 | M14.7 | 5293 | JAK2 | Janus kinase 2 | Therapeutic | A targeted for the biologic drug Ruxolitinib. Ruxolitinib acts on cellular components of both innate and adaptive immunity inhibiting downstream cellular signaling pathways of major inflammatory mediators (e.g., IFN-alpha via JAK2, and IL-2 and IL-6 via JAK1) |
A35/S2 | M15.109 | 3570 | IL6R | Interleukin 6 receptor | Therapeutic | IL6R is a target for the biologic drug Tocilizumab. Several studies have tested this antagonist in open label single arm trials in Covid-19 patients with the intent of blocking the cytokine storm associated with Covid-19 disease [15, 16] |
A36/S1 | M16.34 | 2993 | GYPA | Glycophorin A (MNS blood group) | Immunological | Not suitable for targeting (erythropoiesis) |
A37/S1 | M11.3 | 2623 | GATA1 | GATA binding protein 1 | Immunological | Not suitable for targeting (erythropoiesis) |
A38/S1 | M10.4 | 4057 | LTF | Lactotransferrin | Immunological | No suitable candidates identified |
A38/S2 | M16.96 | 56729 | RETN | Resistin | Immunological | Not suitable for targeting (erythropoiesis) |