Table 1 Baseline characteristic of participants according to different BP patterns diagnosed by criterion A

Age (years)

48.9 ± 13.8

46.7 ± 14.4

53.1 ± 14.4^a

49.9 ± 12.8^ab

50.0 ± 13.3^ab

< 0.001

Male, n (%)

974 (56.8%)

321 (47.8%)

38 (46.9%)

318 (60.1%)^ab

297 (68.8%)^abc

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

24.6 ± 3.9

23.9 ± 3.6

25.0 ± 4.0^a

24.8 ± 3.8^a

25.6 ± 4.1^ac

< 0.001

Smokers, n (%)

623 (36.8%)

188 (28.2%)

24 (30.8%)

213 (40.7%)^a

198 (46.7%)^abc

< 0.001

DM, n (%)

366 (24.7%)

94 (16.5%)

18 (26.1%)^a

123 (26.9%)^a

131 (34.2%)^abc

< 0.001

CVD history, n (%)

155 (9.0%)

41 (6.1%)

12 (14.8%)

55 (10.4%)

47 (10.9%)

0.004

Anti-hypertension, n (%) treatment

1245 (76.7%)

380 (61.8%)

66 (85.7%)^a

422 (81.8%)^a

377 (90.8%)^ac

< 0.001

Causes of CKD*

< 0.001

 DKD

212 (12.4%)

35 (5.2%)

11 (13.6%)^a

73 (13.8%)^a

93 (21.5%)^abc

 GN

1048 (61.1%)

489 (72.8%)

40 (49.4%)^a

313 (59.2%)^a

206 (47.7%)^ac

 Others

442 (25.8%)

144 (21.4%)

29 (35.8%)^a

140 (26.5%)

129 (29.9%)^a

 ALB (g/L)

38.3 ± 7.4

38.7 ± 7.2

39.4 ± 5.2

38.2 ± 7.6

37.7 ± 7.9^a

0.1

 FBG (mmol/L)

4.9 (4.4, 5.6)

4.8 (4.3, 5.4)

5.0 (4.5, 5.5)

4.9 (4.4, 5.7)^a

5.0 (4.5, 5.9)^a

0.004

 HGB (g/L)

126.5 ± 22.4

127.7 ± 19.55

121.9 ± 22.2^a

126.3 ± 24.2

125.7 ± 24.5

0.1

 TG (mmol/L)

1.8 (1.2, 2.5)

1.7 (1.2, 2.4)

1.8 (1.3, 2.4)

1.9 (1.3, 2.6)^a

1.9 (1.3, 2.6)^a

0.004

 TC (mmol/L)

4.7 (3.9, 5.7)

4.7 (3.9, 5.7)

4.6 (3.8, 5.5)

4.7 (3.9, 5.6)

4.7 (3.9, 5.7)

0.8

 HDLC (mmol/L)

1.1 (0.9, 1.3)

1.1 (0.9, 1.4)

1.0 (0.9, 1.3)

1.0 (0.9, 1.3)^a

1.1 (0.9, 1.2)^a

0.001

 LDLC (mmol/L)

2.6 (2.1, 3.2)

2.6 (2.1, 3.2)

2.6 (2.1, 3.2)

2.5 (2.1, 3.2)

2.7 (2.2, 3.3)

0.5

 Cr (μmol/L)

98 (141, 198)

116.0 (80.0, 164.2)

153.0 (106.7, 218.4)^a

151.0 (108.0, 204.5)^a

167.0 (122.0, 243.2)^ac

< 0.001

 eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

52.2 ± 30.1

62.9 ± 32.7

43.3 ± 24.3^a

48.2 ± 28.2^a

42.2 ± 23.3^ac

< 0.001

 24 h-Upro (g/L)

1.0 (0.4, 2.4)

0.7 (0.3, 1.5)

1.0 (0.4, 2.9)^a

1.1 (0.4, 2.5)^a

1.8 (0.8, 3.5)^abc

< 0.001

CKD stages, n (%)

< 0.001

 1

256 (14.9%)

174 (25.9%)

5 (6.2%)^a

55 (10.4%)^a

22 (5.1%)^ac

 2

305 (17.8%)

144 (21.4%)

11 (13.6%)

90 (17.0%)

60 (13.9%)^a

 3

676 (39.5%)

228 (33.9%)

36 (44.4%)

220 (41.6%)^a

192 (44.5%)^a

 4

477 (27.8%)

126 (18.8%)

29 (35.8%)^a

164 (31.0%)^a

158 (36.6%)^a