Table 2 Characteristics of the participants by monocyte level quartiles

N

818

833

772

800

–

Age, years

66.36 ± 8.08

67.14 ± 8.02

67.60 ± 8.59

67.29 ± 8.85

0.014

Men, %

28.1

38.5

54.0

65.5

< 0.001

Duration of diabetes, years

8 (3, 15)

9 (3, 15)

10 (4, 16)

10 (4, 15)

0.105

Current smoking, %

8.6

11.7

18.6

31.0

< 0.001

Beyond high school education, %

49.3

53.2

54.4

52.5

0.172

BMI, kg/m²

24.43 ± 3.78

24.75 ± 3.47

25.24 ± 3.47

25.44 ± 3.59

< 0.001

FPG, mmol/L

7.46 ± 2.33

7.76 ± 2.39

8.02 ± 2.56

8.02 ± 2.44

<  0.001

HbA1c, %

7.16 ± 1.25

7.41 ± 1.33

7.65 ± 1.44

7.70 ± 1.39

< 0.001

Total cholesterol, mmol/L

5.27 ± 1.26

5.11 ± 1.16

5.13 ± 1.15

4.99 ± 1.18

< 0.001

Triglycerides, mmol/L

1.39 (1.00, 1.94)

1.46 (1.06, 2.18)

1.66 (1.17, 2.40)

1.65 (1.21, 2.32)

< 0.001

HDL, mmol/L

1.30 ± 0.32

1.23 ± 0.29

1.18 ± 0.28

1.12 ± 0.27

< 0.001

LDL, mmol/L

3.24 ± 0.88

3.16 ± 0.85

3.19 ± 0.81

3.10 ± 0.82

0.002

ACR, mg/g

11 (7, 22)

12 (7, 28)

13 (7, 32)

15 (8, 32)

0.026

eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m²

93.20 ± 15.96

93.25 ± 15.10

90.73 ± 16.96

89.64 ± 19.08

< 0.001

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

144.01 ± 20.60

145.00 ± 19.38

145.39 ± 19.64

144.86 ± 19.14

0.352

Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

77.24 ± 10.05

78.01 ± 10.79

79.55 ± 11.16

79.81 ± 11.28

< 0.001

Dyslipidemia, %

54.6

63.3

65.9

67.9

< 0.001

CVD, %

34.6

35.9

38.5

38.6

0.056

DKD, %

20.4

25.9

28.7

30.6

< 0.001

DR, %

16.9

16.7

16.8

13.4

0.072

Insulin therapy, %

13.2

15.8

20.3

21.5

< 0.001