Table 1 General characteristics of the participants by diabetic retinopathy

N

2709

514

–

Age, years

67.11 ± 8.48

66.96 ± 7.92

0.710

Men, %

46.1

47.5

0.559

Duration of diabetes, years

8 (3,15)

10 (5,18)

< 0.001

Current smoking, %

17.6

16.4

0.518

Beyond high school education, %

52.1

53.4

0.577

BMI, kg/m²

24.89 ± 3.59

25.29 ± 3.63

0.019

FPG, mmol/L

7.73 ± 2.34

8.25 ± 2.84

< 0.001

HbA1c, %

7.42 ± 1.33

7.78 ± 1.53

< 0.001

Total cholesterol, mmol/L

5.12 ± 1.19

5.17 ± 1.21

0.343

Triglycerides, mmol/L

1.56 (1.11, 2.24)

1.43 (1.08, 2.09)

0.498

HDL, mmol/L

1.21 ± 0.3

1.20 ± 0.29

0.766

LDL, mmol/L

3.16 ± 0.84

3.22 ± 0.86

0.176

ACR, mg/g

12.0 (7.0, 26.0)

16.0 (9.0, 42.5)

< 0.001

eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m²

91.56 ± 16.90

92.69 ± 16.76

0.161

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

144.11 ± 19.51

148.40 ± 20.30

< 0.001

Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

78.63 ± 10.88

78.63 ± 10.80

0.999

DKD, %

24.7

34.9

< 0.001

CVD, %

36.1

41.0

0.035

Dyslipidemia, %

62.9

62.8

0.866

Leukocyte (× 10⁹/L)

6.44 ± 1.68

6.38 ± 1.62

0.480

Lymphocytes (× 10⁹/L)

2.09 ± 0.65

2.09 ± 0.80

0.923

Neutrophils (× 10⁹/L)

3.77 ± 1.28

3.74 ± 1.17

0.608

Monocytes (× 10⁹/L)

0.38 ± 0.12

0.36 ± 0.11

0.013

insulin therapy, %

15.8

26.6

< 0.001