Fig. 5

Medium-sized EVs from individuals with diabetes induced lamellipodia formation in endothelial cells. HAECs were either untreated or treated with EVs from the 10K fraction at a dose of ~ 1000 vesicles per cell for 24 h and then stained with Rhodamine Phalloidin and DAPI. Cells treated with EVs from a diabetic individual displayed significantly more actin-rich, membrane protrusions and ruffles compared to untreated cells or cells treated with EVs from the euglycemic control. Lamellipodia were quantified and expressed as a percentage of the total number of DAPI-stained cells. The histogram represents the average number of cells from three replicate experiments ± SEM. ***P < 0.001 for the indicated comparisons using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test