Fig. 3

Characterization of EVs from euglycemic and diabetic individuals. a Cell lysate and plasma EV samples, isolated from differential ultracentrifugation, were lysed with M-PER and analyzed with SDS PAGE followed by probing for known EV markers, including Alix, Flotillin 1, and CD81, in addition to probing for the EV purity marker, GM130. b Electron microscopy of EVs from plasma, isolated with the 120K fraction of differential ultracentrifugation, exhibit expected EV morphology and size. Scale bar = 200 nm. c Electron microscopy of EVs from plasma, isolated with the 10K fraction of differential ultracentrifugation, exhibit expected EV morphology and size. Scale bar = 200 nm. d, e EVs were isolated from the cross-sectional diabetes cohort. Size distributions and concentrations from NTA analysis were averaged for both the 120K and 10K groups, each including data from 18 individuals. The area under the curve for each group in D are reflected in the corresponding average concentration shown in the histogram in e. f EV mean and (g) mode size from NTA analysis were averaged for both the 120K and 10K groups. In each graph, dots indicate data from 18 individuals. Histograms represent the average ± SEM. ****P < 0.0001 and *P < 0.05 using a Mann–Whitney test in e–g