Author
|
Country of origin
|
Site
|
Histology of malignant tissue tested
|
Cancer samples
|
Benign samples
|
Specimen state
|
Discriminative strengtha
|
---|
Halter 2015
|
USA
|
Breast
|
IDC
|
10
|
9
|
In-vivo
|
Good
|
Gregory 2012
|
USA
|
Breast
|
IDC or ILC ± DCIS or LCIS
|
232
|
141
|
Ex-vivo
|
Insufficient
|
Kim 2007
|
USA
|
Breast
|
IDC
|
1
|
1
|
In-vivo
|
Insufficient
|
Cherepenin 2001
|
Russia
|
Breast
|
–
|
21
|
21
|
In-vivo
|
Insufficient
|
da Silva 2000
|
Portugal
|
Breast
|
–
|
21
|
42
|
Ex-vivo
|
Insufficient
|
Osterman 2000
|
USA
|
Breast
|
ILC or IDC
|
3
|
12
|
In-vivo
|
Insufficient
|
Chauveau 1999
|
France
|
Breast
|
IDC
|
2
|
1
|
Ex-vivo
|
Insufficient
|
Jossinet 1998
|
France
|
Breast
|
–
|
23
|
64
|
Ex-vivo
|
Insufficient
|
Stojadinovic 2005
|
Multicentre
|
Breast
|
(Various)
|
29
|
1074
|
Ex-vivo
|
Good
|
Kao 2008
|
USA
|
Breast
|
IDC and DCIS
|
3
|
1
|
In-vivo
|
Moderateb
|
Halter 2009
|
USA
|
Breast
|
IDC + DCIS
|
11
|
4
|
Both
|
Insufficient
|
Du 2017
|
China
|
Breast
|
(Various)
|
581
|
395
|
Ex-vivo
|
Good
|
Mahara 2015
|
USA
|
Prostate
|
–
|
3
|
3
|
Ex-vivo
|
Insufficient
|
Mishra 2013
|
USA
|
Prostate
|
–
|
21
|
367
|
Ex-vivo
|
Good
|
Wan 2013
|
USA
|
Prostate
|
–
|
45
|
45
|
In-vivo
|
Insufficient
|
Mishra 2012
|
USA
|
Prostate
|
–
|
36
|
288
|
Ex-vivo
|
Insufficient
|
de Abreu 2011
|
Brazil
|
Prostate
|
–
|
23
|
27
|
In-vivo
|
Insufficient
|
Halter 2011
|
USA
|
Prostate
|
–
|
71
|
465
|
Ex-vivo
|
Good
|
Halter 2008
|
USA
|
Prostate
|
–
|
29
|
151
|
Ex-vivo
|
Insufficient
|
Halter 2007
|
USA
|
Prostate
|
Adenocarcinoma
|
o
|
5
|
Ex-vivo
|
Insufficient
|
Khan 2016
|
USA
|
Prostate
|
–
|
23
|
53
|
Ex-vivo
|
Insufficient
|
Murphy 2017
|
USA
|
Prostate
|
–
|
12
|
105
|
Ex-vivo
|
Good
|
Lee 1999
|
USA
|
Prostate
|
–
|
6
|
6
|
Ex-vivo
|
Insufficient
|
Halter 2008
|
USA
|
Prostate
|
–
|
17
|
345
|
Ex-vivo
|
Insufficient
|
Keshtkar 2006
|
Iran
|
Bladder
|
–
|
24
|
73
|
In-vivo
|
Insufficient
|
Wilkinson 2002
|
UK
|
Bladder
|
–
|
35
|
35
|
Ex-vivo
|
Insufficient
|
Keshtkar 2012
|
Iran
|
Bladder
|
–
|
30
|
100
|
Ex-vivo
|
Good
|
Prakash 2014
|
USA
|
Hepatic
|
Metastasis-colorectal primary
|
41
|
91
|
Ex-vivo
|
Insufficient
|
Laufer 2010
|
Israel & USA
|
Hepatic
|
–
|
32
|
26
|
Ex-vivo
|
Insufficient
|
Gao 2014
|
China
|
Lung
|
(Various)
|
91
|
91
|
Ex-vivo
|
Insufficient
|
Cherepenin 2001
|
Russia
|
Lung
|
–
|
22
|
7
|
In-vivo
|
Insufficient
|
Sun 2010
|
Taiwan
|
Tongue
|
SCC
|
12
|
12
|
In-vivo
|
Insufficientc
|
Ching 2010
|
Taiwan
|
Tongue
|
SCC
|
5
|
5
|
In-vivo
|
Insufficient
|
Dua 2004
|
USA
|
Skin -BCC
|
BCC
|
18
|
16
|
In-vivo
|
Insufficient
|
Kuzmina 2005
|
Sweden
|
Skin -BCC
|
BCC
|
35
|
35
|
In-vivo
|
Insufficient
|
Keshtkar 2012
|
Iran
|
Gastric
|
Adenocarcinoma
|
19
|
22
|
In-vivo
|
Insufficient
|
Yun 2016
|
South Korea
|
Renal
|
RCC
|
10
|
10
|
Ex-vivo
|
Insufficient
|
Zheng 2013
|
USA
|
Thyroid
|
Papillary & follicular
|
27
|
133
|
In-vivo
|
Good
|
Pathiraja 2017
|
UK
|
Colorectal
|
Adenocarcinoma
|
22
|
22
|
Ex-vivo
|
Good
|
Habibi 2011
|
USA
|
Skin-scc
|
SCC
|
1
|
14
|
In-vivo
|
Insufficient
|
Knabe 2013
|
Germany
|
Oesophagus
|
Adenocarcinoma & SCC
|
30
|
19
|
In-vivo
|
Insufficientc
|
- IDC: invasive ductal carcinoma; ILC: invasive lobular carcinoma; DCIS: ductal carcinoma in situ; LCIS: lobular carcinoma in situ; SCC: squamous cell carcinoma; BCC: basal cell carcinoma; (Various): more than 3 histological cancer subtypes included; ‘–’, not stated
- aDiscriminative strength is a summary of the reported quantitative indices for discrimination between neoplastic and normal tissue in each study, not taking into account the number of samples. This was rated as follows: “Good”, AUROC > 0.7 or sensitivity and specificity both > 0.75 or Youden index > 0.5; “Moderate”, AUROC > 0.6 or Sensitivity > 0.7 + Youden index > 0.25; “Insufficient”, not meeting the above criteria or insufficient data. Youden index is calculated as (sensitivity + specificity) minus 1 [11]
- bThis study reported moderate discriminative ability in the < 40 year group
- cThese two studies reported statistically significant differences between malignant and normal tissue on EIS, but insufficient data for calculating the overall discriminative strength