The clinical application of electrical impedance technology in the detection of malignant neoplasms: a systematic review

Table 1 Results of in vivo studies of pre-malignant and malignant tissue

Author	Country	Histology of pre-/malignant tissue	No. of pre-/malignant samples	No. of normal (control) samples	AUROC	Sensitivity (%)	Specificity (%)	Discriminative strength^a
Tidy 2013	UK	High-grade CIN	87	109	0.827	86	56	Good
Balasubramani 2009	UK	High-grade CIN	85	681	0.800	79	73	Good
Brown 2000	UK	High-grade CIN	126	370	0.951	92	92	Good
Abdul 2006	UK	High-grade CIN	178	680	0.652	74	53	Moderate
Malvehy 2014	Multi-centre	Melanoma, NMSC	320	320	NR	97	34	Moderate
Mohr 2013	Multi-centre	Melanoma, NMSC	126	126	NR	98	NR	Insufficient
Aberg 2011	Multi-centre	Melanoma	59	59	0.850	95	49	Good
Rocha 2017	Multi-centre	Melanoma	6	154	NR	100	70	Good
Murdoch 2014	UK	Oral SCC	10	61	0.776	65	92	Good
Sarode 2015	India	Oral SCC	50	50	NR	NR	NR	Insufficient

AUROC: area under receiver operating characteristic curve for discrimination between neoplasia and normal tissue; CIN: cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; NMSC: non-melanomatous skin cancer; Melanoma refers to cutaneous melanoma in all cases. SCC: squamous cell carcinoma; NR: not reported
^aDiscriminative strength is a summary of the reported quantitative indices for discrimination between neoplastic and normal tissue in each study, not taking into account the number of samples. This was rated as follows: “Good”, AUROC > 0.7 or sensitivity and specificity both > 0.75 or Youden index > 0.5; “Moderate”, AUROC > 0.6 or Sensitivity > 0.7 and Youden index > 0.25; “Insufficient”, not meeting the above criteria or insufficient data. Youden index is calculated as the (sensitivity + specificity) minus 1 [11]

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