Fig. 2
From: Antifibrotic therapy to normalize the tumor microenvironment
Strategies for targeting cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). CAF populations can be eliminated by targeting molecular markers such as α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibroblast-specific protein-1 (FSP-1), and fibroblast activation protein-α (FAP-α). Alternatively, CAFs can be reprogrammed and inactivated by treatment with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), a metabolite of vitamin A that binds to a receptor in the nucleus of CAFs