Fig. 3

Graphene oxide reduces the expression of stem cell markers and promotes the differentiation of GSCs. a Quantification of the mRNA levels of stem cell markers SOX2 and CD133 in GSCs with or without treatment with GO. b The intracellular expression of the differentiation marker GFAP after treatment with 50 μg/ml GO was examined using immunofluorescence staining. Scale bar = 100 μm. c The expression level of the stem cell marker CD133 in cells treated with different concentrations of GO was detected by immunofluorescence staining. Scale bar = 50 μm. d, e Representative immunoblots and relative quantification of OCT4, SOX2, TUJ1 and GFAP in GSCs after treatment with 0, 5, 12.5, 25 and 50 μg/ml GO respectively. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. Data represent the mean ± SEM of at least three independent experiments