Fig. 2

Tr1-like cell induction after in vitro anti-CD3/CD46 MoAb stimulation. Mean percentage of in vitro induced Tr1-like cells (a) and MFI mean of CD18 (b) and CD49b (c) markers analyzed by flow cytometry in CD4⁺ cells in IFN-β-treated patients obtained before therapy initiation (T0) and then after 12 (T12) and 24 (T24) months of therapy, and in healthy controls (Ctrl). Cells were stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD46 MoAbs. mRNA levels of CD46 (d) in CD4⁺ cells pre- and post- in vitro stimulation. Results are calculated as normalization ratio (NR), relative to a common standard sample. Estimated means are shown, connected by continuous lines, along with error bars representing the 95% confidence interval. Other lines indicate statistical significance