Table 2 Methods for regeneration of skin appendages and nerves
From: Regeneration of skin appendages and nerves: current status and further challenges
| Â | Scaffolding/materials | Cells | Results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Hair follicles | Integra dermal substitute (type I Collagen) | Epidermal and dermal cells from neonatal rats | Hairs can be seen as early as 11–15 days postgraft; high reproducibility of hair formation; hair filament shows a normal appearance | [55] |
Matrigel | Human-derived outer sheath keratinocyte and dermal papilla cells | Form a tube-like structure; develop into epidermal cyst-like cell spheres; cannot form intact hair follicles | [56] | |
3D-bioprintering (type I collagen gel containing dermal fibroblasts (FBs), microfabricated plastic molds) | Hair papilla cells | Simulate the three-dimensional growth environment; successfully regenerated the skin tissue containing hair follicles Formation of microvascular vessels | [59] | |
Sebaceous glands | The transplantation of the bioengineered hair follicles | Embryonic skin-derived epithelial and mesenchymal cells | Develop histologically correct hair follicles; sebaceous glands show positive staining with oil red O | [67] |
Sweat glands | Scaffolding/materials-free | Heated SGCs co-cultured with BrdU/GFP-labelled MSCs | The MSCs had acquired the sweat gland cell phenotype | [10] |
3D-bioprintering/Matrigel basement membrane matrix | SGCs | Simulate the tissue structure of the sweat gland in vivo | [103] | |
EGF-containing gelatine microspheres | SGCs | Develop Sweat gland-like structures | [104] | |
Skin nerves | Dermal Regeneration Template (collagen–chitosan dermal scaffold) | Schwann cells, skin-derived precursor stem cells, BMSCs, iPS cells | Promote nerve growth, accelerate nerve regeneration |