Red meat and dietary iron intakes are associated with some components of metabolic syndrome: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study

Table 2 Hazard ratios (95% CI) of metabolic syndrome across energy-adjusted quartiles of iron (total, haem and non-haem) and red meat intake in adult participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study

Characteristic	Quartiles of dietary iron and red meat intake
Characteristic	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4	P_trend
Total iron (mg/day)	< 13.87	13.87–16.03	16.04–19.85	> 19.85
Crude	1.00 ref.	1.14 (0.97–1.34)	1.40 (1.19–1.65)	1.18 (0.98–1.43)	0.02
Model 1^a	1.00 ref.	0.97 (0.79–1.19)	1.10 (0.81–1.49)	2.04 (0.97–4.28)	0.22
Haem iron (mg/day)	< 0.26	0.27–0.39	0.40–0.57	> 0.57
Crude	1.00 ref.	0.94 (0.80–1.11)	0.85 (0.72–1.01)	0.84 (0.71–1.00)	0.35
Model 1^b	1.00 ref.	0.90 (0.71–1.14)	0.89 (0.70–1.12)	0.87 (0.67–1.12)	0.30
Non-Haem iron (mg/day)	< 13.45	13.46–15.51	15.52–19.17	> 19.17
Crude	1.00 ref.	1.10 (0.93–1.30)	1.36 (1.15–1.61)	1.44 (1.21–1.71)	< 0.01
Model 1^c	1.00 ref.	0.98 (0.78–1.24)	1.16 (0.89–1.52)	1.15 (0.80–1.63)	0.46
Red meat (g/day)	< 30.50	30.51–36.33	36.44–49.91	> 49.91
Crude	1.00 ref.	0.83 (0.70–0.99)	0.85 (0.72–1.01)	0.69 (0.58–0.82)	< 0.01
Model 1^a	1.00 ref.	0.86 (0.55–1.26)	0.96 (0.68–1.28)	0.87 (0.56–1.24)	0.43

^aAdjusted for age, sex, baseline BMI, educational level, smoking status, total energy intake, fiber, saturated fat, sodium, vitamin C and magnesium intakes
^bAdjusted for age, sex, baseline BMI, educational level, smoking status, total energy intake, fiber, saturated fat, sodium, vitamin C, magnesium, and non-haem iron intakes
^cAdjusted for age, sex, baseline BMI, educational level, smoking status, total energy intake, fiber, saturated fat, sodium, vitamin C, magnesium and haem iron intakes

ISSN: 1479-5876