Recurrent circadian fasting (RCF) improves blood pressure, biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk and regulates inflammation in men

Alam, Iftikhar; Gul, Rahmat; Chong, Joni; Tan, Crystal Tze Ying; Chin, Hui Xian; Wong, Glenn; Doggui, Radhouene; Larbi, Anis

doi:10.1186/s12967-019-2007-z

Table 4 Assessment of fasting on plasma biomarkers and their evolution during post-fasting phase (n = 78)

From: Recurrent circadian fasting (RCF) improves blood pressure, biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk and regulates inflammation in men

	Crude data analysis	Repeated measures logistic regression and generalized least squares random-effects model
	Crude data analysis	Total				Young (20–30 years)				Adult-to-elderly (≥ 52 years)
	Diff.¹ (% ≥ cut-off value) or mean (s.d.)	Crude coeff.²	95% CI³	Adjusted coeff.⁴	95% CI³	Crude coeff.²	95% CI³	Adjusted coeff.⁴	95% CI³	Crude Coeff.²	95% CI³	Adjusted coeff.⁴	95% CI³
Haematological markers
	Platelets
	P⁵< 0.0001	P⁶ < 0.0001		P⁷ < 0.0001		P⁶ < 0.0001		P⁷ < 0.0001		P⁶ < 0.0001		P⁷ < 0.0001
Pre-fasting	190.7 (24.8)	1		1		1		1		1
Fasting	213.5 (28.8)	+ 22.8	21.9 to 23.7	+ 27.66	26.17 to 29.15	+ 22.95	21.68 to 24.21	+ 28.57	26.43 to 30.72	+ 22.73	21.5 to 24.0	+ 27.29	25.23 to 29.34
Post-Fasting	201.6 (27.7)	+ 10.9	10.0 to 11.8	+ 11.71	10.55 to 12.87	+ 10.95	9.96 to 12.21	+ 12.88	11.06 to 14.70	+ 10.87	9.63 to 12.11	+ 10.74	9.21 to 12.27

	WBC
	P⁵ < 0.0001	P⁶ < 0.0001		P⁷ < 0.0001		P⁶ = 0.0002		P⁷ = 0.0001		P⁶ < 0.0001		P⁷ < 0.0001
Pre-fasting	5.68 (0.70)	1		1		1		1		1		1
Fasting	6.23 (0.75)	+ 0.55	0.34 to 0.75	+ 0.62	0.39 to 0.85	+0.45	0.21 to 0.70	+ 0.56	0.30 to 0.83	+ 0.63	0.31 to 0.96	+ 0.70	0.32 to 1.05
Post-fasting	5.55 (1.32)	+ 0.13	− 0.33 to 0.08	− 0.06	− 0.29 to 0.16	+ 0.02	− 0.22 to 0.26	+ 0.05	− 0.21 to 0.32	− 0.26	− 0.58 to 0.06	− 0.22	− 0.57 to 0.13

Inflammation biomarkers
Interleukines: Common b chain (CD131)
	IL-7
	P⁵ = 0.30	P⁶ = 0.018		P⁷ = 0.045		P⁶ = 0.32		P⁷ = 0.29		P⁶ = 0.066		P⁷ = 0.0.094
Pre-fasting	–	1		1		1		1		1		1
Fasting	− 12.8	− 1.24	− 2.21 to − 0.28	− 0.95	− 2.05 to 0.14	− 0.65	− 1.68 to 0.37	− 0.56	− 1.75 to 0.62	− 2.27	− 4.46 to − 0.08	− 2.07	− 4.38 to 0.23
Post-fasting	− 10.3	− 0.88	− 1.74 to − 0.02	− 1.08	− 2.09 to − 0.06	− 0.65	− 1.68 to 0.37	− 0.91	− 2.15 to 0.32	− 1.12	− 2.58 to 0.33	− 1.16	− 2.75 to 0.43

	IL-9
	P⁵ = 0.16	P⁶ = 0.24		P⁷ = 0.33		P⁶ = 0.48		P⁷ = 0.61		–		P⁷ = 0.72
Pre-fasting	–	1		1		1	–	1				1
Fasting	− 2.6	− 0.43	− 1.76 to 0.90	− 0.56	− 2.00 to 0.87	− 0.57	− 2.16 to 1.02	− 0.45	− 2.15 to 1.26	–	–	− 0.84	− 3.95 to 2.27
Post-fasting	− 6.4	− 1.85	− 4.03 to 0.31	− 1.57	− 3.76 to 0.63	0.00	–	0.00	–	–	–	+ 0.51	− 2.59 to 3.62

	GM-CSF
	P⁵ < 0.0001	P⁶ = 0.0001		P⁷ = 0.0001		P⁶ = 0.025		P⁷ = 0.016		P⁶ = 0.0022		P⁷ = 0.0024
Pre-fasting	–	1		1		1		1		1		1
Fasting	+ 35.9	+ 1.57	0.85 to 2.28	+ 1.65	0.90 to 2.41	+ 1.37	0.36 to 2.39	+ 1.52	0.43 to 2.61	+ 1.76	0.75 to 2.77	+ 1.86	0.75 to 2.97
Post-fasting	+ 20.5	+ 0.94	0.23 to 1.65	+ 0.87	0.14 to 1.61	+ 0.49	− 0.52 to 1.51	+ 0.28	− 0.79 to 1.37	+ 1.36	0.36 to 2.37	+ 1.41	0.34 to 2.49

Interleukines-IL-10-like
	IL-10
	P⁵ = 0.082	P⁶ = 0.039		P⁷ = 0.12		P⁶ = 0.21		P⁷ = 0.33		P⁶ = 0.17		P⁷ = 0.33
Pre-fasting	–	1		1		1		1		1		1
Fasting	− 15.5	− 0.85	− 1.52 to − 0.19	− 0.70	− 1.44 to 0.04	− 1.14	− 2.43 to 0.15	− 1.00	− 2.38 to 0.39	− 0.78	− 1.61 to 0.04	− 0.65	− 1.60 to 0.29
Post-fasting	− 6.4	− 0.31	− 0.91 to 0.28	− 0.44	− 1.11 to 0.23	− 0.17	− 1.19 to 0.86	− 0.49	− 1.69 to 0.71	− 0.42	− 1.21 to 0.37	− 0.40	− 1.28 to 0.47

Interleukines: IL-1-like
	IL-1α
	P⁵ < 0.0001	P⁶ < 0.0001		P⁷ < 0.0001		P⁶ = 0.0003		P⁷ = 0.0005		P⁶ < 0.0001		P⁷ < 0.0001
Pre-fasting	–	1		1		1		1		1		1
Fasting	+ 53.8	+ 2.61	1.79 to 3.42	+ 2.90	1.98 to 3.82	+ 1.90	0.90 to 2.89	+ 2.23	1.07 to 3.39	+ 3.73	2.08 to 5.39	+ 4.01	2.22 to 5.80
Post-fasting	+ 48.7	+ 2.38	1.57 to 3.19	+ 2.32	1.45 to 3.19	+ 1.67	0.68 to 2.65	+ 1.61	0.50 to 2.72	+ 3.52	1.87 to 5.16	+ 3.47	1.76 to 5.18

	IL-1 β
	P⁵ = 0.037	P⁶ = 0.036		P⁷ = 0.041		P⁶ = 0.52		P⁷ = 0.39		P⁶ = 0.039		P⁷ = 0.061
Pre-fasting	–	1		1		1		1		1		1
Fasting	+ 14.1	+ 0.76	0.03 to 1.50	+ 0.65	− 0.13 to 1.45	+0.27	− 0.69 to 1.23	+ 0.32	− 0.78 to 1.42	+ 1.32	0.14 to 2.48	+ 1.15	− 0.12 to 2.44
Post-fasting	+ 15.4	+ 0.85	0.11 to 1.60	+ 0.95	0.15 to 1.76	+ 0.60	− 0.42 to 1.60	+ 0.83	− 0.35 to 2.01	+ 1.10	− 0.01 to 2.22	+ 1.17	− 0.04 to 2.38

Interleukines: IL-6-like
	IL-12P40
	P⁵ = 0.44	P⁶ = 0.38		P⁷ = 0.086		P⁶ = 0.50		P⁷ = 0.18		P⁶ = 0.32		P⁷ = 0.22
Pre-fasting	–	1		1		1		1		1		1
Fasting	+ 6.4	+ 0.67	− 0.28 to 1.64	+ 1.17	0.05 to 2.31	+ 0.40	− 0.66 to 1.46	+ 0.70	− 0.58 to 2.00	+ 1.46	− 0.84 to 3.77	+ 2.27	− 0.30 to 4.85
Post-Fasting	+ 3.8	+ 0.45	− 0.55 to 1.44	+ 0.09	− 1.04 to 1.22	− 0.25	− 1.44 to 0.93	+ 0.74	− 2.21 to 0.72	+ 1.71	− 0.54 to 3.97	+ 1.55	− 0.85 to 3.95

	IL-12P70
	P⁵ = 0.069	P⁶ = 0.11		P⁷ = 0.16		P⁶ = 0.13		P⁷ = 0.28		P⁶ = 0.79		P⁷ = 0.95
Pre-fasting	–	1		1		1		1		1		1
Fasting	− 5.1	− 0.90	− 2.26 to 0.46	− 0.58	− 2.17 to 1.00	− 1.72	− 3.98 to 0.52	− 1.35	− 3.80 to 1.10	0.00	− 1.86 to 1.86	− 0.26	− 2.90 to 2.38
Post-fasting	− 7.7	− 2.03	− 4.11 to 0.065	− 2.07	− 4.29 to 0.14	0.00	–	0.00	–	− 0.72	− 2.99 to 1.56	− 0.37	− 3.19 to 2.44

Interleukines: interferons
	IFN-Gamma
	P⁵ = 0.068	P⁶ = 0.034		P⁷ = 0.051		P⁶ = 0.26		P⁷ = 0.33		P⁶ = 0.067		P⁷ = 0.14
Pre-fasting	–	1		1		1		1		1		1
Fasting	− 16.7	− 0.74	− 1.33 to − 0.14	− 0.74	− 1.39 to − 0.084	− 0.47	− 1.33 to 0.37	− 0.52	− 1.44 to 0.39	− 0.98	− 1.81 to − 0.15	− 0.94	− 1.92 to 0.03
Post-fasting	− 14.1	− 0.63	− 1.23 to − 0.038	− 0.60	− 1.23 to 0.04	− 0.69	− 1.54 to 0.15	− 0.62	− 1.54 to 0.28	− 0.58	− 1.42 to 0.26	− 0.58	− 1.50 to 0.35

Other interleukines
	Il-17
	P⁵ < 0.0001	P⁶ < 0.0001		P⁷ < 0.0001		P⁶ = 0.0009		P⁷ = 0.0014		P⁶ = 0.010		P⁷ = 0.014
Pre-fasting	–	1		1		1		1		1		1
Fasting	− 33.3	− 1.41	− 2.03 to − 0.79	− 1.26	− 1.92 to − 0.60	− 1.63	− 2.57 to − 0.69	− 1.51	− 2.48 to − 0.53	− 1.22	− 2.06 to − 0.39	− 1.10	− 2.03 to − 0.17
Post-fasting	− 26.9	− 1.11	− 1.71 to − 0.50	− 1.25	− 1.89 to 0.59	− 1.35	− 2.26 to − 0.44	− 1.47	− 2.45 to − 0.49	− 0.89	− 1.70 to − 0.08	− 1.04	− 1.93 to − 0.16

TGF-β
	FlT-3L
	P⁵ < 0.0001	P⁶ = 0.0003		P⁷ = 0.0004		P⁶ = 0.020		P⁷ = 0.025		P⁶ = 0.020		P⁷ = 0.024
Pre-fasting	–	1		1		1		1		1		1
Fasting	+ 28.2	+ 2.46	1.22 to 3.71	+ 2.56	1.27 to 3.84	+ 2.00	0.47 to 3.53	+ 2.23	0.57 to 3.89	+ 3.03	0.89 to 5.16	+ 3.00	0.82 to 5.18
Post-fasting	+ 26.9	+ 2.41	1.16 to 3.65	+ 2.31	1.05 to 3.58	+ 2.12	0.60 to 3.65	+ 2.02	0.38 to 3.66	+ 2.81	0.66 to 4.95	+ 2.76	0.60 to 4.92

	TGF-α
	P⁵ < 0.0001	P⁶ = 0.		P⁷ < 0.0001		P⁶ < 0.0001		P⁷ = 0.0001		P⁶ < 0.0001		P⁷ < 0.0001
Pre-fasting	–	1		1		1		1		1		1
Fasting	− 53.8	− 2.51	− 3.25 to − 1.77	− 2.56	− 3.35 to − 1.76	− 2.18	− 3.24 to − 1.13	− 2.26	− 3.38 to − 1.15	− 2.85	− 3.91 to − 1.79	− 3.07	− 4.28 to − 1.86
Post-fasting	− 26.9	− 1.12	− 1.12 to − 0.49	− 1.16	− 1.82 to − 0.49	− 1.72	− 2.70 to − 0.74	− 1.64	− 2.67 to − 0.62	− 0.64	− 1.47 to 0.20	− 0.68	− 1.60 to 0.23

TNF-α
	sCD40l
	P⁵ = 0.014	P⁶ = 0.0075		P⁷ = 0.0048		P⁶ = 0.021		P⁷ = 0.037		P⁶ = 0.23		P⁷ = 0.10
Pre-fasting	–	1		1		1		1		1		1
Fasting	− 1.28	− 0.05	− 0.65 to 0.53	+ 0.09	− 0.56 to 0.75	− 0.22	− 1.07 to 0.62	− 0.20	− 1.11 to 0.71	+ 0.11	− 0.72 to 0.94	+ 0.41	− 0.62 to 1.42
Post-fasting	− 19.2	− 1.00	− 1.67 to − 0.32	− 1.12	− 1.85 to − 0.40	− 1.37	− 2.36 to − 0.37	− 1.36	− 2.43 to − 0.31	− 0.64	− 1.58 to 0.27	− 0.90	− 1.94 to 0.13

	APRIL
	P⁵ = 0.029	P⁶ = 0.26		P⁷ = 0.036		P⁶ = 0.019		P⁷ = 0.031		P⁶ = 0.71		P⁷ = 0.79
Pre-fasting	4451.4 (6944.6)	1		1		1		1		1		1
Fasting	3158.7 (5937.8)	− 1292.7	− 2914.3 to 328.9	− 984.8	− 2860.6 to 711.1	− 2550.7	− 5282.6 to 181.3	− 2032.1	− 4852.7 to 788.4	− 157.5	− 1980.5 to 1665.6	− 179.9	− 2150.7 to 1790.8
Post-fasting	2235.3 (2245.9)	− 2216.1	− 3837.7 to − 594.6	− 2204.2	− 3883.8 to − 524.6	− 3863.8	6595.7 to − 1131.9	− 3792.8	− 6635.4 to − 950.2	− 729.2	− 2552.3 to 1093.8	− 658.9	− 2850.3 to 1262.3

Chemokines: CC chemokines
	MIP-1 alpha
	P⁵ < 0.0001	P⁶ < 0.0001		P⁷ < 0.0001		P⁶ = 0.0003		P⁷ = 0. 0016		P⁶ < 0.0001		P⁷ = 0.0003
Pre-fasting	–	1		1		1		1		1		1
Fasting	− 46.2	− 2.04	− 2.77 to − 1.31	− 1.93	− 2.75 to − 1.13	− 2.12	− 3.17 to − 1.08	− 2.06	− 3.20 to − 0.92	− 2.02	− 3.05 to − 1.00	− 1.98	− 3.18 to − 0.78
Post-fasting	− 6.4	− 0.27	− 0.93 to 0.38	− 0.28	− 1.00 to 0.44	− 1.15	− 2.13 to − 0.18	− 1.19	− 2.28 to − 0.11	+ 0.55	− 0.37 to 1.48	+ 0.68	− 0.38 to 1.74

	MCP-2
	P⁵ < 0.0001	P⁶ < 0.0001		P⁷ = 0.0001		P⁶ < 0.0001		P⁷ = 0.0001		P⁶ = 0. 0063		P⁷ = 0.044
Pre-fasting	–	1		1		1		1		1		1
Fasting	− 39.7	− 1.68	− 2.36 to − 1.00	− 1.58	− 2.32 to − 0.84	− 2.18	− 3.24 to − 1.12	− 2.26	− 3.45 to − 1.07	− 1.31	− 2.21 to − 0.41	− 1.25	− 2.32 to − 0.19
Post-fasting	− 24.4	− 1.03	− 1.69 to − 0.37	− 1.09	− 1.81 to − 0.37	− 2.18	− 3.24 to − 1.12	− 2.34	− 3.54 to − 1.14	− 0.10	− 0.98 to 0.77	− 0.02	− 1.04 to 1.00

	MDC
	P⁵ < 0.0001	P⁶ < 0.0001		P⁷ < 0.0001		P⁶ = 0.0010		P⁷ = 0.0007		P⁶ = 0.0007		P⁷ = 0.0008
Pre-fasting	–	1		1		1		1		1		1
Fasting	− 42.3	− 2.48	− 3.42 to − 1.54	− 2.60	− 3.60 to − 1.60	− 1.91	− 3.05 to − 0.76	− 2.01	− 3.2 to − 0.81	− 3.64	− 5.71 to − 1.56	− 4.00	− 6.18 to − 1.79
Post-fasting	− 28.2	− 1.28	− 1.97 to − 0.58	− 1.23	− 1.97 to − 0.49	− 1.51	− 2.55 to − 0.46	− 1.59	− 2.71 to − 0.48	− 1.08	− 2.02 to − 0.14	− 0.91	− 1.95 to 0.12

	Rantes
	P⁵ = 0.066	P⁶ = 0.073		P⁷ = 0.20		P⁶ = 0.23		P⁷ = 0.27		P⁶ = 0.074		P⁷ = 0.18
Pre-fasting	–	1		1		1		1		1		1
Fasting	− 19.2	− 0.81	− 1.50 to − 0.11	− 0.64	− 1.39 to 0.09	− 0.68	− 1.78 to 0.41	− 0.48	− 1.65 to 0.68	− 0.87	− 1.76 to 0.02	− 0.81	− 1.81 to 0.18
Post-fasting	− 10.3	− 0.42	− 1.09 to 0.25	− 0.42	− 1.13 to 0.28	− 0.94	− 2.06 to 0.18	− 0.97	− 2.16 to 0.21	+ 0.06	− 0.79 to 0.91	+ 0.15	− 0.77 to 1.07

	GRO
	P⁵ < 0.0001	P⁶ < 0.0001		P⁷ < 0.0001		P⁶ = 0.0002		P⁷ = 0.0004		P⁶ = 0.0095		P⁷ = 0.0058
Pre-fasting	–	1		1		1		1		1		1
Fasting	− 36.5	− 1.88	− 2.65 to − 1.12	− 2.02	− 2.86 to − 1.18	− 1.95	− 2.94 to − 0.95	− 1.94	− 3.01 to − 0.88	− 2.02	− 3.32 to − 0.72	− 2.32	− 3.75 to − 0.91
Post-fasting	− 22.4	− 0.97	− 1.60 to − 0.33	− 0.93	− 1.63 to − 0.22	− 1.48	− 2.41 to − 0.56	− 1.46	− 2.46 to − 0.46	− 0.48	− 1.40 to 0.42	− 0.33	− 1.33 to 0.66

	Eotaxin
	P⁵ = 0.002	P⁶ = 0.0017		P⁷ = 0.0040		P⁶ = 0.018		P⁷ = 0.018		P⁶ = 0.068		P⁷ = 0.13
Pre-fasting	–	1		1		1		1		1		1
Fasting	− 25.6	− 1.15	− 1.82 to − 1.48	− 1.11	− 1.84 to − 0.37	− 1.15	− 2.05 to − 0.26	− 1.19	− 2.17 to − 0.21	− 1.17	− 2.17 to − 0.16	− 1.12	− 2.25 to 0.01
Post-fasting	− 19.2	− 0.82	− 1.46 to − 0.18	− 0.85	− 1.55 to − 0.15	− 1.02	− 1.90 to − 0.14	− 1.18	− 2.17 to − 0.18	− 0.63	− 1.56 to 0.29	− 0.58	− 1.61 to 0.46

Chemokines: CXC chemokines
	ENA 78
	P⁵ < 0.0001	P⁶ = 0.0004		P⁷ = 0.0016		P⁶ = 0.0047		P⁷ = 0.0099		P⁶ = 0.0080		P⁷ = 0.029
Pre-fasting	–	1		1		1		1		1		1
Fasting	− 29.5	− 1.35	− 2.03 to − 0.67	− 1.35	− 2.10 to − 0.61	− 1.55	− 2.52 to − 0.58	− 1.61	− 2.70 to − 0.53	− 1.17	− 2.12 to − 0.22	− 1.19	− 2.28 to − 0.11
Post-fasting	− 7.7	− 0.31	− 0.92 to 0.29	− 0.28	− 0.95 to 0.38	− 1.00	− 1.91 to − 0.10	− 0.94	− 1.95 to 0.069	+ 0.29	− 0.54 to 1.12	+ 0.39	− 0.55 to 1.33

	CXCL13
	P⁵ < 0.0001	P⁶ = 0.0001		P⁷ = 0.0003		P⁶ = 0.0005		P⁷ = 0.0008		P⁶ = 0.018		P⁷ = 0.014
Pre-fasting	–	1		1		1		1		1		1
Fasting	− 20.5	− 0.87	− 1.46 to − 0.27	− 1.00	− 1.68 to − 0.31	− 0.55	− 1.33 to 0.21	− 0.60	− 1.45 to 0.25	− 1.18	− 2.06 to − 0.29	− 1.62	− 2.72 to − 0.52
Post-fasting	− 29.5	− 1.35	− 2.00 to − 0.71	− 1.26	− 1.96 to − 0.57	− 2.05	− 3.08 to − 1.02	− 2.11	− 3.21 to − 1.00	− 0.93	− 1.78 to − 0.07	− 0.64	− 1.63 to 0.34

	MIG
	P⁵ < 0.0001	P⁶ < 0.0001		P⁷ < 0.0001		P⁶ = 0.0010		P⁷ = 0.0017		P⁶ = 0.0004		P⁷ = 0.0011
Pre-fasting	2452.4 (3085.0)	1		1		1		1		1		1
Fasting	719.4 (1277.2)	− 1733.0	− 2406.0 to − 1059.8	− 1762.9	− 2473.7 to − 1052.1	− 1957.1	− 3079 to − 834.5	− 1977.4	− 3143.1 to − 811.8	− 1530.7	− 2305.2 to − 756.3	− 1597.1	− 2540.2 to − 744.0
Post-fasting	1409.9 (2213.9)	− 1042.0	− 1715 to − 369.2	− 945.5	− 1648.4 to − 242.6	− 1696.4	− 2819.1 to − 573.8	− 1542.9	− 2718.0 to − 367.7	− 452.3	− 452.3 to − 1226.7	− 338.3	− 1162.8 to 486.2

	IP-10
	P⁵ = 0.001	P⁶ = 0.0003		P⁷ = 0. 0006		P⁶ = 0.0009		P⁷ = 0.0022		P⁶ = 0.032		P⁷ = 0.039
Pre-fasting	–	1		1		1		1		1		1
Fasting	− 28.2	− 1.28	− 1.92 to − 0.63	− 1.30	− 2.01 to − 0.60	− 1.26	− 2.08 to − 0.44	− 1.27	− 2.15 to − 0.38	− 1.33	− 2.34 to − 0.32	− 1.47	− 2.62 to − 0.32
Post-fasting	− 19.2	− 0.81	− 0.81 to − 1.41	− 0.76	− 1.41 to − 0.11	− 1.40	− 2.24 to − 0.57	− 1.28	− 2.17 to − 0.39	− 0.30	− 1.18 to 0.57	− 0.21	− 1.19 to 0.77

Chemokines: CX3C chemokines
	Fractalkine
	P⁵ = 0.002	P⁶ = 0.0031		P⁷ = 0.023		P⁶ = 0.070		P⁷ = 0.078		P⁶ = 0.033		P⁷ = 0.095
Pre-fasting	–	1		1		1		1		1		1
Fasting	− 26.9	− 1.12	− 1.79 to − 0.46	− 1.00	− 1.70 to − 0.28	− 1.02	− 1.89 to − 0.15	− 1.07	− 2.03 to − 0.12	− 1.22	− 2.22 to − 0.22	− 1.13	− 2.21 to − 0.05
Post-fasting	− 9.00	− 0.40	− 1.07 to 0.27	− 0.44	− 1.15 to 0.26	− 0.58	− 1.46 to 0.28	− 0.66	− 1.62 to 0.28	− 0.22	− 1.24 to 0.79	− 0.19	− 1.28 to 0.90

Others
	Calcitonin
	P⁵ = 0.25	P⁶ = 0.24		P⁷ = 0.25		P⁶ = 0.32		P⁷ = 0.33		P⁶ = 0.13		P⁷ = 0.15
Pre-fasting	6.82 (37.9)	1		1		1		1		1		1
Fasting	1.64 (1.09)	− 5.18	− 12.09 to 1.69	− 5.11	− 12.31 to 2.07	− 9.49	− 24.0 to 4.96	− 9.32	− 24.23 to 5.57	− 1.29	− 2.54 to − 0.04	− 1.32	− 2.65 to 0.02
Post-fasting	1.85 (1.71)	− 4.97	− 11.85 to 1.91	− 4.94	− 12.08 to 2.19	− 9.78	− 24.2 to 4.67	− 9.79	− 24.8 to 5.21	− 0.62	− 1.88 to 0.62	− 0.62	− 1.92 to 0.69

¹Difference (between pre-fasting vs. fasting phases and pre-fasting vs. post-fasting phases) in percentage terms of biomarker concentration ≥ cut-off value or mean ± standard deviation
²Crude generalized least squares random-effects model or repeated measures logistic regression model to examine the association between biomarkers level with fasting or not state
³C.I. 0.95 confidence interval for Diff
⁴Adjusted generalized least squares random-effects model or repeated measures logistic regression model to examine the association between biomarkers level with fasting or not state
⁵p-values: null hypothesis of identical percentage differences of each biomarker concentration level for the pre-, per- and post-fasting or equality of means
⁶Crude p-value for association of biomarker plasma concentration ≥ cut-off value or for association difference of means for interval variables with co-factor
⁷Adjusted p-value for association of biomarker plasma concentration ≥ cut-off value or for association difference of means for interval variables with co-factor

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Journal of Translational Medicine

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