Fig. 1

Top-ranked ALS-increased DEGs. a Top ALS-increased DEGs ranked by FC (red font: ALS-associated genes; *riluzole-increased DEG, FDR < 0.10). b Top ALS-increased DEGs ranked by p-value. Z-score normalized expression values were combined across cohorts. Grey boxes outline the middle 50% of CTL expression values (midpoint: median), and magenta error bars outline the middle 50% of ALS expression values (circle: median). c ALS-increased DEG symbol cloud. Gene symbol size is inversely proportional to differential expression analysis p-values (ALS vs. CTL) and colors are proportional to FC estimates (black: lower FC, red: higher FC). d Riluzole (RZE) effects on ALS-increased DEGs (GSE96653, MDA-MB-231 cells). FC estimates are plotted for 666 ALS-increased DEGs (red symbols: RZE-increased, FDR < 0.10, FC > 1.10; blue symbols: RZE-decreased: FDR < 0.10, FC < 0.91). The Venn diagram (bottom-right) shows the overlap between ALS-increased and RZE-increased DEGs (p-value: Fisher’s exact test). e Ribosomal protein L9 (RPL9) expression. f Vanin 2 (VNN2) expression. g Mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component 1 (MARC1) expression. In e–g, Z-score normalized expression values are shown for each cohort (boxes: middle 50% of values; whiskers: 10th to 90th percentiles) with sample sizes in each group (bottom margin, parentheses)