Table 3 Basic characteristics and circulating biomarkers of the four study groups

Basic characteristics

 BW (kg)

39.00 (38.00; 41.00)

78.00 (69.00; 81.00)^a

54.50 (51.00; 59.00)^ab

59.50 (54.25; 64.00)^ab

 LW (g)

485 (458; 564)

1732 (1067; 2219)^a

703 (627; 772)^b

2077 (1478; 2439)^a

 LW:BW

0.013 (0.011; 0.015)

0.021 (0.014; 0.031)^a

0.013 (0.012; 0.014)^b

0.036 (0.028; 0.043)^ab

 BF% (%)

27.60 (24.00; 30.70)

64.20 (61.40; 67.60)^a

47.30 (41.20; 50.20)^ab

54.80 (52.65; 56.00)^ab

Basic circulating biomarkers

 TC¹ (mmol/L)

1.70 (1.64; 2.18)

11.94 (11.00; 13.18)^a

1.89 (1.56; 2.00)^b

18.91 (16.91; 27.00)^ab

 TG¹ (mmol/L)

0.34 (0.29; 0.35)

0.63 (0.54; 0.88)^a

0.36 (0.32; 0.45)^b

1.45 (0.57; 1.72)^ab

 GLU¹ (mmol/L)

3.48 (3.32; 3.67)

3.72 (3.60; 3.83)

3.73 (3.47; 3.95)

15.1 (14.67; 15.45)^ab

 FRA¹ (µmol/L)

247 (245; 271)

240 (235; 254)

246 (242; 251)

535 (452; 566)^ab

 K_G (min⁻¹)²

3.15 (2.74; 3.46)

2.11 (1.82; 2.38)^a

3.2 (2.5; 3.6)^b

0.74 (0.62; 0.81)^a,b

 AUC_Insulin (pM * min)³

12,573 (11,507; 20,683)

27,168 (17,204; 35,562)

24,032 (20,478; 28,147)

800 (616–1310)^a,b

 HOMA-IR⁴

0.47 (0.35; 0.42)

1.11 (0.84; 1.58)^a

1.59 (1.00; 1.93)^a

NA

 ALB¹ (g/L)

45.10 (42.70; 46.40)

42.20 (38.70; 46.20)

45.60 (42.80; 47.55)

45.45 (32.30; 46.00)

 CRP¹ (ng/ml)

2320 (1840; 14,100)

3160 (2760; 6780)

4510 (2890; 7130)

7820 (3260; 19,600)

Hepatic circulating biomarkers

 ALP¹ (U/L)

62.5 (57.0; 67.0)

209.0 (143.0; 366.0)^a

76.0 (61.5; 91.0)^b

177.5 (139.0; 542.0)^a

 ALT¹ (U/L)

61.00 (51.60; 67.70)

34.50 (27.20; 48.40)^a

52.25 (40.75; 60.60)^b

47.60 (34.40; 68.50)

 AST¹ (U/L)

33.90 (23.30; 96.10)

63.60 (25.50; 98.40)

49.65 (32.65; 59.75)

89.10 (45.40; 103.20)

 AST:ALT¹

0.64 (0.49; 1.19)

1.51 (0.85; 2.03)^a

0.80 (0.70; 1.07)

1.73 (1.23; 2.3)^a

 GLDH¹ (U/L)

2.30 (1.80; 3.20)

6.1 (3.20; 17.80)^a

4.70 (3.35; 5.65)

15.80 (14.50; 23.40)^a