From: Vitamin D and growth hormone in children: a review of the current scientific knowledge
Reference | Study area, study design | Number of patients | Vitamin D metabolite considered | At diagnosis | After GH treatment | Interrelation between vitamin D/GH | Other remarks | Limits |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wójcik [72] | Poland, prospective cohort | 121 GHD subjects (6–18 years old) | 25(OH)D | – | 71 subjects had vitamin D < 30 ng/mL despite rGH treatment and vitamin D3 supplementation | – | Possible effect of vitamin D supplementation in caries prevention in GHD patients |  |
Hamza [73] | Egypt, prospective case–control | 50 idiopathic prepubertal GHD and 50 healthy controls (3.6–10 years old) | 25(OH)D | 42 GHD subjects had 25(OH)D < 30 ng/mL | 23 GHD subjects remained with vitamin D < 30 ng/mL (all had an increase in 25(OH)D values) | Positive association between 25(OH)D and peak GH levels | Positive effect of 25(OH)D on height expressed in the SDS at diagnosis |  |
Delecroix [74] | France, retrospective | 50 GHD subjects due to pituitary stalk interruption syndrome (mean age: 5.4 ± 4.9 years old) | 25(OH)D, 1,25(OH)2D | 26 subjects had 25(OH)D < 30 ng/mL | – | No relationship between 25(OH)D and IGF-1 values Positive association of 1,25(OH) 2D and the 1,25(OH) 2D/25(OH)D ratio with peak GH levels | – | Retrospective Not known if subjects underwent vitamin D supplementation before recruitment |
Witkowska-Sedek [75] | Poland, prospective cohort | 53 GHD subjects (4.75–16.58 years old) | 25(OH)D | Mean 25(OH)D value 24.6 ± 7.54 ng/mL | Mean 25(OH)D values after 6 months of rGH therapy 28.8 ± 8.09 ng/mL Mean 25(OH)D values after 12 months of rGH therapy 27.2 ± 8.09 ng/mL | – | Positive effect of vitamin D supplementation dosage given in the first year of rGH therapy on BALP values during the first 6 months | All patients in the first 12 months of rGH treatment received cholecalciferol supplementation |
Witkowska-Sędek [76] | Poland, prospective cohort | 30 GHD subjects (4.8–16.6 years old) | 25(OH)D | Mean 25(OH)D value 24.2 ± 7.8 ng/mL | 25(OH)D increases significantly after 6 months of rGH therapy to 28.5 ± 5.29 ng/mL | Positive effect of 25(OH)D on GH | Positive effect of 25(OH)D on ICTP values | Vitamin D3 supplementation was recommended prior to and during rGH treatment |
Witkowska-Sędek [77] | Poland, retrospective | 84 GHD subjects (4–17 years old) | 25(OH)D | 73–75 subjects had 25(OH)D < 30 ng/mL | – | Positive association between vitamin D and baseline IGF-1 values | No effect of vitamin D on the maximum peak of GH after a stimulus test |  |
Ciresi [78] | Italy, prospective cohort | 80 GHD subjects (mean age 10.3 years old) | 25(OH)D | 60 subjects had 25(OH)D < 30 ng/mL | 40 subjects remained with vitamin D < 30 ng/mL (all had an increase in vitamin D values) | Positive association between vitamin D and baseline GH values | No effect of vitamin D on IGF-1 values |  |
Wei [79] | Japan, prospective cohort | 12 GHD subjects (7.5–13.8 years old) | 25(OH)D 1,25(OH)2D | Mean 25(OH)D value 26.3 ± 10.9 ng/mL Mean 1,25(OH)2D value 59.4 ± 10.2 pmol/L | No variation in 25(OH)D values 1,25(OH)2D increase after rGH therapy | Positive association between 1,25(OH) 2D and an increase in IGF-1 values | PTH values reduced after rGH treatment; the authors hypothesize a PTH-independent GH-Vitamin D correlation |  |
Boot [80] | Netherlands, prospective cohort | 40 GHD subjects (mean age 7.9 years old) | 1,25(OH)2D | Mean 1,25(OH)2D value 96.2 ± 25.8 pmol/L | 1,25(OH)2D increases after rGH therapy | Positive association between 1,25(OH) 2D and an increase in IGF-1 values | Stable PTH values after rGH treatment; the authors hypothesize a PTH-independent GH-Vitamin D correlation |  |
Saggese [81] | Italy, prospective cohort | 26 GHD subjects (6.5–10.7 years old) | 25(OH)D 1,25(OH)2D | Mean 25(OH)D value 31.55 ± 7.01 ng/mL Mena 1,25(OH)2D: 64.7 ± 15.8 pmol/L | No variation in 25(OH)D values 1,25(OH)2D increase at 12 months of therapy (not previously) | Positive effect of 1,25(OH) 2D on growth velocity | – | Reference values are different from the most recent ones |
Burstein [82] | USA, prospective cohort | 12 GHD subjects (mean age 10.5 years) | 25(OH)D 1,25(OH)2D | Mean 25(OH)D value 49.0 ± 2.4 ng/mL | No variation in 25(OH)D 1,25(OH)2D increase only in the first week of high-dose hGH therapy | No effect of 25(OH)D 1,25(OH)2D on GH | – |  |
Chipman [83] | USA, prospective cohort | 7 GHD subjects (3.8–16.7 years old) | 25(OH)D 1,25(OH)2D | Mean 25(OH)D value 20.2 ± 6.5 ng/mL Mean 1,25(OH)2D value 63.7 ± 19.3 pmol/L | No variation in 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D values | No effect of 25(OH)D 1,25(OH)2D and GH | Stable PTH values after hGH treatment; the authors hypothesize a PTH-independent GH-vitamin D correlation | Before hGH therapy, patients were treated with Ca, phosphorus and sodium supplementation |
Gertner [84] | USA, prospective cohort | 9 GHD subjects (9–18 years old) | 25(OH)D 1,25(OH)2D | Mean 25(OH)D value 35.5 ± 8.9 ng/mL Mean 1,25(OH)2D value 44.4 ± 27.9 pmol/L | No variation in 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D values | No effect of 25(OH)D 1,25(OH)2D on GH | Stable PTH values after hGH treatment; the authors hypothesize a PTH-independent GH-vitamin D correlation | Before hGH therapy, patients were treated with Ca supplementation |