Fig. 1From: Testosterone induces renal tubular epithelial cell death through the HIF-1α/BNIP3 pathwayTestosterone is associated with nephrolithiasis. a Serum testosterone level was detected between male and female healthy volunteers and kidney stone patients. b The in vivo nephrolithiasis model was established using glyoxylic acid, and calcium deposits were detected by van Kossa staining. Data are presented as the mean values for each group (mean ± SD)Back to article page