Table 2 Basic characteristics of participants in stage-1 study

Number

14

16

11

12

13

8

8

Age

47.0 ± 8.6

49.9 ± 10.2

64.3 ± 6.7*

60.4 ± 8.9*

64.3 ± 12.2*

49.4 ± 13.3

62.3 ± 10.1*

Gender (male/female)

9/5

7/9

4/7

10/2

11/2

5/3

2/6

eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m²)

101.4 [95.9–110.3]

107.6 [90.6–136.3]

71.1 [40.3–112.1]*

50.5 [30.7–80.7]*

11.9 [8.6–14.7]*

100.4 [84.2–111.9]

113.8 [93.9–140.9]

ACR (mg/g)

5.2 [2.9–8.5]

6.4 [4.8–12.6]

120.6 [85.8–216.6]*

685.9 [414.4–3094.0]*

643.5 [546.3–890.3]*

8.0 [4.4–12.7]

10.7 [7.3–15.0]

Glu (mmol/L)

5.7 [5.2–5.9]

12.0 [8.4–16.8]*

8.9 [6.8–16.4]*

9.6 [6.4–12.8]*

5.7 [4.8–9.2]

5.8 [4.9–6.0]

5.7 [5.5–5.9]

HbA1c (%)

4.9 [4.6–5.3]

10.1 [7.8–10.6]*

8.3 [6.8–11.2]*

8.6 [6.2–9.0]*

6.1 [5.3–8.0]

5.3 [4.9–5.5]

4.9 [4.6–5.5]

SBP (mmHg)

119.2 ± 7.5

126.3 ± 9.5

137.5 ± 13.1*

147.6 ± 21.9*

155.5 ± 24.6*

121.9 ± 11.5

127.1 ± 12.4

DBP (mmHg)

76.4 ± 6.6

79.3 ± 8.2

81.6 ± 9.1

81.7 ± 9.8

78.3 ± 12.6

74.9 ± 5.5

76.4 ± 6.5

Urinary NAG/Cr (U/mol)

0.43 [0.38–0.72]

0.60 [0.44–1.14]

1.30 [0.45–3.70]*

1.90 [0.84–4.81]*

1.71 [1.14–2.60]*

0.51 [0.37–0.74]

1.33 [0.54–2.34]*