Table 2 Presence of pathogenic bacteria (pathobionts) in CD or UC patients

Proteobacteria

Campylobacter concisus

CD/UC

[87]

Invasive Escherichia coli

CD

[86, 89]

Pseudomonas spp.

CD

[104]

Helicobacter spp.

CD

[146]

Desulfovibrio spp.

UC

[88]

Actinobacteria

Atopobium parvulum

CD

[107]

Collinsella spp.

UC

[119]

Mycobacterium avium spp.

CD

[106]

Pasteurellaceae

CD

[106]

Firmicutes

Clostridium difficile

CD/UC

[117]

Ruminococcus gnavus

CD/UC

[110]

Veillonellaceae

CD

[119, 120]

Streptococcus spp.

CD/UC

[119]

Fusobacteria

Fucobacterium spp.

CD

[108]

Ascomycota

Clavispora lusitaniae

CD

[118, 128]

Kluyveromyces marxianus

CD

[118]

Candida albicans

CD

[118, 129]

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

[118]

Cyberlindnera jadinii

CD

[124]

Bacteriophage

Caudovirales

CD

[130, 131]