Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies
References, country | Participants | Intervention | Comparison | Outcomea | Study design | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (I/C) | Age | Gender | BMI | Population | Type | Dosage | ||||
Alles [21], Netherlands | 20 (20/20) | 59 | M-9 F-11 | 28.3 ± 3.5 | T2DM | FOS | 15 g/days (20 days) | Glucose | ↔FBG | C, RCT, SB |
Asemi [22], Iran | 54 (27/27) | 35–70 | M and F | 30.4 ± 5.3 | T2DM | Inulin and Lactobacillus sporogenes | 8.4 g/days (56 days) | L. sporogenes bread | ↔FBG, ↓FINS, HbA1c | P, RCT, DB |
Behrouz [23], Iran | 59 (29/30) | 20–60 | M and F | 25–40 | Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease | Oligofructose and probiotic | 16 g/days (84 days) | Maltodextrin | ↔FBG, FINS, HbA1c | P, RCT, DB |
Bomhof [24], Canada | 14 (8/6) | ≥ 18 | M-8 F-6 | > 25 | non-alcoholic steatohepatitis with overweight | Oligofructose | 16 g/days (252 days) | Maltodextrin | ↔FINS, HOMA-IR, ↑FBG | P, RCT, DB |
Bonsu [25], Canada | 26 (12/14) | > 40 | M and F | 30.3 ± 4.4 | T2DM | Inulin | 10 g/days (84 days) | Xylitol | ↔FBG, HOMA-IR | P, RCT, DB |
Canfora [26], Netherlands | 44 (21/23) | 45–70 | M and F | 28–40 | Overweight or obese | GOS | 15 g/days (84 days) | Maltodextrin | ↔FBG, FINS | P, RCT, DB |
Daubioul [27], Italy | 7 (7/7) | 48–60 | M and F | 21.7–37.6 | Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis | FOS | 16 g/days (56 days) | Maltodextrin | ↔FBG, FINS | C, RCT, DB |
de Luis [28], Spain | 32 (16/16) | 25–60 | M and F | 30–35 | Obese | FOS | 9.84 g/days (30 days) | Control cookie | ↔FBG, FINS, HbA1c | P, RCT, DB |
Dehghan [31], Iran | 52 (27/25) | 20–65 | F-only | 25–34.99 | T2DM | Oligofructose and inulin | 10 g/days (56 days) | Maltodextrin | ↓FBG, HOMA-IR | P, RCT, TB |
Dehghan [32], Iran | 49 (24/25) | 20–65 | F-only | > 25 | T2DM | Inulin | 10 g/days (56 days) | Maltodextrin | ↓FBG, FINS, HbA1c, HOMA-IR | P, RCT, DB |
Dehghan [29], Iran | 49 (27/22) | 30–65 | F-only | 25–34.99 | T2DM | Oligofructose and inulin | 10 g/days (60 days) | Maltodextrin | ↓FBG, HOMA-IR, ↔ FINS | P, RCT, DB |
Dewulf [32], Belgium | 30 (15/15) | 18–65 | F-only | > 30 | Obese | Inulin and oligofructose | 16 g/days (90 days) | Maltodextrin | ↔FBG, FINS, HbA1c, HOMA-IR | P, RCT, DB |
Forcheron [33], France | 17 (9/8) | 31.7 ± 4.0 | M-6 F-11 | ND | Healthy | Inulin and oligofructose | 10 g/days (180 days) | Maltodextrin | ↔FBG, FINS | P, RCT, DB |
Gargari [34], Iran | 49 (24/25) | 20–65 | F-only | 25–35 | T2DM | Inulin | 10 g/days (60 days) | Maltodextrin | ↓FBG, FINS, HbA1c, HOMA-IR | P, RCT, TB |
Ghavami [35], Iran | 46 (23/23) | 30–50 | M and F | 25–35 | T2DM | Inulin | 10 g/days (42 days) | Starch | ↔FBG, FINS, HbA1c, ↓HOMA-IR | P, RCT, DB |
Giacco [36], Italy | 30 (30/30) | 45.5 ± 9.9 | M-20 F-10 | 26.6 ± 2.2 | Mild hypercholesterolaemia | FOS | 10.6 g/days (60 days) | Maltodextrine plus aspartame | ↔FBG | C, RCT, DB |
Guess [37], UK | 38 (20/18) | > 18 | M and F | 25–35 | Prediabetes | Inulin | 30 g/days (126 days) | Cellulose | ↓FBG, FINS, HbA1c | P, RCT, DB |
Guess [38], UK | 34 (34/34) | ≥ 18 | M and F | 25–35 | Overweight subjects with prediabetes | Inulin | 30 g/days (42 days) | Cellulose | ↔FINS, ↓HbA1c | C, RCT, DB |
Jackson [39], UK | 54 (27/27) | 35–65 | M and F | 20–32 | Healthy | Inulin | 10 g/days (56 days) | Maltodextrin | ↔FBG, FINS | P, RCT, DB |
Javadi [40], Iran | 38 (19/19) | 20–60 | M and F | 30.7 ± 3.7 | Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis | Inulin | 10 g/days (90 days) | Maltodextrin | ↔FBG, ↓FINS, HbA1c | P, RCT, DB |
Luo [41], France | 12 (12/12) | 19–32 | M-only | 21.0 ± 1.7 | Healthy | FOS | 20 g/days (28 days) | Sucrose | ↔FBG, FINS | C, RCT, DB |
Luo [42], Belgium | 10 (10/10) | 57.0 ± 6.3 | M-6 F-4 | 28.0 ± 3.2 | T2DM | FOS | 20 g/days (28 days) | Sucrose | ↔FBG, FINS, HOMA-IR | C, RCT, DB |
Meksawan [43], Thailand | 9 (9/9) | > 50 | M-5 F-4 | ND | Elderly CAPD patients | FOS | 20 g/days (30 days) | Sucrose | ↔FBG | C, RCT, DB |
Parnell [44], Canada | 39 (21/18) | 20–70 | M and F | >25 | Overweight or obese | Oligofructose | 21 g/days (84 days) | Maltodextrin | ↔FBG | P, RCT, DB |
Pedersen [45], UK | 29 (14/15) | 42–65 | M-only | 28.2 ± 1.0 | T2DM | GOS | 5.5 g/days (84 days) | Maltodextrin | ↔FBG, FINS, HbA1c, HOMA-IR | P, RCT, DB |
Rajkumar [46], India | 30 (15/15) | 20–25 | M-14 F-16 | 18.5–24.9 | Healthy | FOS and L. salivarius | 10 g/days (42 days) | L. salivarius | ↔FBG, FINS, HbA1c | P, RCT, SB |
Roshanravan [47], Iran | 30 (15/15) | 30–55 | M and F | 27–35 | T2DM | Inulin | 10 g/days (45 days) | Starch | ↔FBG, FINS, HbA1c, HOMA-IR | P, RCT, DB |
Russo [48], Italy | 15 (15/15) | 18.8 ± 0.7 | M-only | 22.8 ± 2.3 | Healthy | Inulin | 11 g/days (35 days) | Control pasta | ↔FBG, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, ↑FINS | C, RCT, DB |
Scheid [49], Brazil | 72 (35/37) | 67.1 ± 6.1 | M and F | 27.9 ± 5.0 | Elderly | FOS | 7.4 g/days (63 days) | Maltodextrin | ↔FBG, FINS, HbA1c | P, RCT, DB |
Shakeri [50], Iran | 52 (26/26) | 53 | M and F | 30.3 ± 5.3 | T2DM | Inulin and Lactobacillus sporogenes | 8.4 g/days (56 days) | Lactobacillus sporogenes control breads | ↔FBG | P, RCT, DB |
Tovar [51], Mexican | 59 (30/29) | 18–50 | F-only | ≥ 25 | Obese | Inulin | 10 g/days (90 days) | No treatment | ↔FBG | P, RCT, DB |
Tripkovic [52], UK | 10 (10/10) | 30–55 | M-only | 25–35 | Overweight | Inulin | 15 g/days (28 days) | Control bread rolls | ↔FBG, FINS, HbA1c | C, RCT, DB |
Vulevic [53], UK | 45 (45/45) | 18–65 | M-16 F-29 | > 25 | Overweight | GOS | 5.5 g/days (84 days) | Maltodextrin | ↔FBG, ↓FINS | C, RCT, DB |