Author (year) [ref] | Study design | Participants | Trial duration | N | Study groups | Age (years) | Males (n) | BMI (kg/m2) Waist-c (cm) | FM FFM (kg) | SBP DBP (mmHg) | Fasting glucose (mg/dL) Hb1Ac (%) | Fasting insulin (µU/mL) HOMA-IR (mmol/L * µU/mL) | Total chol (mg/dL) | HDL-c (mg/dL) | LDL-c (mg/dL) | TG (mg/dL) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antoni (2018) [22] | RCT 2 parallel arms | BMI > 25 kg/m2 Age 18–65 years No comorbidity | 8–10 weeks | 15a | IER (2 days/week) = 25% of the energy need on 2 consecutive fast days and energy according to needs on feed days | 42 ± 4 | 7 | 30 ± 1 | 31 ± 2 | 123 ± 3 | 79 ± 2 | 11 ± 1 | 162 ± 12 | 42 ± 4 | 100 ± 12 | 97 ± 9 |
102 ± 3 | 58 ± 3 | 74 ± 3 | ND | 1.6 ± 0.2 | ||||||||||||
12a | CER: 600 kcal less than estimated needs | 48 ± 3 | 6 | 31 ± 1 | 34 ± 3 | 115 ± 3 | 79 ± 4 | 9 ± 1 | 162 ± 12 | 39 ± 4 | 104 ± 8 | 80 ± 9 | ||||
102 ± 2 | 56 ± 3 | 75 ± 3 | ND | 1.3 ± 0.1 | ||||||||||||
Carter (2016) [24] | RCT 2 parallel arms | T2DM BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2 Age ≥ 18 years No comorbidity | 12 weeks | 31 | IER (2 days/week) = 400–600 kcal/day on fast days and no restriction on feed days | 61 ± 8 | 16 | 35 ± 5 | 38 ± 9 | 134 ± 17 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
ND | 55 ± 11 | 84 ± 10 | 7 ± 1 | |||||||||||||
32 | CER = 1200–1500 kcal/day every day | 62 ± 9 | 14 | 36 ± 5 | 40 ± 11 | 138 ± 15 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ||||
ND | 54 ± 9 | 90 ± 11 | 8 ± 1 | |||||||||||||
Catenacci (2016) [27] | RCT 2 parallel arms | BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 Age 18–55 years Non-smokers No diabetes, CV diseases, major comorbidity | 8 weeks | 15 | IER (3 days/week) = 0 kcal/day on fast days alternate and energy according to needs, but with the chance to ask for more food, on feed days | 40 ± 10 | 3 | 36 ± 4 | 38 ± 8 | ND | 88 ± 7 | 13 ± 6 | 170 ± 33 | 38 ± 8 | 100 ± 31 | 143 ± 56 |
ND | 53 ± 9 | ND | ND | |||||||||||||
14 | CER = 400 kcal less than needs | 43 ± 8 | 3 | 40 ± 6 | 49 ± 10 | ND | 92 ± 8 | 19 ± 6 | 171 ± 36 | 39 ± 7 | 104 ± 29 | 140 ± 43 | ||||
ND | 61 ± 12 | ND | ND | |||||||||||||
Conley (2018) [23] | RCT 2 parallel arms | Men with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 Age 55–75 years No diabetes No high alcohol intake or major comorbidity | 24 weeks | 12 | IER (2 days/week) = 600 kcal/day on 2 non-consecutive fast days and energy ad libitum on feed days | 68 ± 3 | 12 | 33 ± 2 | ND | 142 ± 14 | 108 ± 27 | ND | 151 ± 35 | 45 ± 12 | 77 ± 31 | 168 ± 53 |
114 ± 5 | 84 ± 10 | ND | ||||||||||||||
12 | CER = 500 kcal less than needs | 67 ± 4 | 12 | 36 ± 4 | ND | 150 ± 18 | 110 ± 31 | ND | 166 ± 39 | 46 ± 12 | 98 ± 35 | 212 ± 150 | ||||
123 ± 10 | 88 ± 14 | ND | ||||||||||||||
Coutinho (2017) [28] | RCT 2 parallel arms | BMI = 30–40 kg/m2 Age 18–65 years Inactive, no menopause or major comorbidity | 12 weeks | 18 | IER (3 days/week) = 550–660 kcal/day on fast days and energy according to needs on feed days | 39 ± 11 | 4 | 36 ± 3 | 47 ± 8 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
ND | 60 ± 12 | |||||||||||||||
17 | CER = 33% of energy restriction every day | 39 ± 9 | 2 | 35 ± 4 | 43 ± 8 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ||||
ND | 55 ± 9 | |||||||||||||||
Harvie (2011) [26] | RCT 2 parallel arms | BMI = 24–40 kg/m2 Premenopausal women Age 30–45 years Non-smokers, not using OC, no major comorbidity | 24 weeks | 53 | IER (2 days/week) = 25% of the energy need on 2 consecutive fast days and energy according to needs on feed days | 40 ± 4 | 0 | 31 ± 5 | 34 (31–36) | 115 (111–119) | 87 (85–88) | 7 (6–8) | 197 (189–197) | 58 (54–58) | 119 (112–127) | 106 (88–124) |
102 (98–105) | 48 (46–49) | 77 (74–79) | ND | 1.5 (1.3–1.8) | ||||||||||||
54 | CER = 25% energy restriction every day | 40 ± 4 | 0 | 31 ± 5 | 35 (32–39) | 117 (113–120) | 87 (83–88) | 7 (6–9) | 200 (193–208) | 62 (54–66) | 119 (108–127) | 115 (97–124) | ||||
102 (99–106) | 49 (48–50) | 75 (72–78) | ND | 1.6 (1.3–1.8) | ||||||||||||
Harvie (2013) [20] | RCT 3 parallel arms | Women with BMI = 24–45 kg/m2 or body fat > 30% of BW Age 30–45 years No major comorbidity | 12 weeks | 37 | IER (2 days/week) = 25% of the energy need on 2 consecutive fast days and energy according to needs on feed days | 46 ± 8 | 0 | 30 ± 4 | 31 (28–34) | 115 (111–125) | 88 (85–90) | 6 (5–8) | 204 (191–229) | 50 (49–59) | 128 (116–139) | 088 (75–102) |
101 (97–104) | 48.5 (46–50) | ND | 5 | 1.6 (1.3–1.9) | ||||||||||||
38 | IER as above plus unlimited proteins and fats (non-SFA) on fast days | 49 ± 7 | 0 | 31 ± 6 | 34 (30–37) | 130 (115–138) | 90 (86–92) | 7 (6–9) | 221 (206–237) | 55 (51–59) | 144 (130–159) | 95 (81–109) | ||||
104 (99–109) | 49 (47–51) | ND | 6 | 1.9 (1.5–2.2) | ||||||||||||
40 | CER = daily 25% restriction every day | 48 ± 8 | 0 | 32 ± 6 | 36 (32–39) | 124 (116–131) | 90 (86–92) | 7 (6–9) | 205 (193–218) | 51 (48–55) | 129 (118–139) | 97 (83–111) | ||||
106 (102–110) | 50 (48–52) | ND | 6 | 1.8 (1.5–2.2) | ||||||||||||
Sundfor (2018) [21] | RCT 2 parallel arms | BMI = 30–45 kg/m2 Age 21–70 years Waist ≥ 84/90 cm (male/female) plus another component of the metabolic syndrome No comorbidity or alcohol/drug abuse | 24 weeks | 54 | IER (2 days/week) = 400–600 kcal/day on 2 non-consecutive fast days and energy as usual on feed days | 50 ± 10 | 28 | 35 ± 4 | ND | 129 ± 13 | 104 ± 22 | ND | 192 ± 35 | 47 ± 13 | 126 ± 32 | 162 ± 73 |
116 ± 10 | 88 ± 8 | 6 ± 1 | ||||||||||||||
58 | CER = 400–600 kcal less than needs | 48 ± 12 | 28 | 35 ± 4 | ND | 128 ± 13 | 103 ± 13 | ND | 197 ± 34 | 45 ± 10 | 133 ± 32 | 137 ± 60 | ||||
116 ± 10 | 86 ± 9 | 6 ± 1 | ||||||||||||||
Trepanowski (2017) [17] | RCT 3 parallel arms | BMI = 25.0–39.9 kg/m2 Age 18–65 years Non-smokers, inactive No menopause, diabetes, CV diseases | 24 weeks | 34 | IER (alternate d/week) = 25% of the energy need on fast days and 125% of energy needs on feed days | 44 ± 10 | 4 | 34 ± 4 | 38 ± 7 | 124 ± 12 | 90 ± 12 | 16 ± 14 | 188 ± 35 | 57 ± 14 | 111 ± 13 | 101 ± 59 |
ND | 55 ± 9 | 83 ± 9 | ND | ND | ||||||||||||
35 | CER = daily 25% restriction every day | 43 ± 12 | 6 | 35 ± 4 | 40 ± 7 | 122 ± 17 | 92 ± 18 | 20 ± 18 | 184 ± 35 | 53 ± 11 | 112 ± 31 | 97 ± 27 | ||||
ND | 58 ± 12 | 80 ± 11 | ND | ND | ||||||||||||
31 | C = no dietary intervention | 44 ± 11 | 4 | 34 ± 4 | 36 ± 10 | 121 ± 16 | 87 ± 8 | 16 ± 9 | 190 ± 30 | 59 ± 13 | 112 ± 31 | 98 ± 43 | ||||
ND | 53 ± 10 | 81 ± 11 | ND | ND | ||||||||||||
Varady (2011) [19] | RCT 4 parallel arms | BMI = 25–39.9 kg/m2 Age 35–65 years Non-smokers, inactive No diabetes, CV diseases | 12 weeks | 15 | IER (3 days/week) = 25% of the energy need on fast days and ad libitum on feed days | 47 ± 2 | 3 | 32 ± 2 ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 51 ± 3 | 141 ± 9 | ND |
15 | CER = 25% energy restriction every day | 47 ± 3 | 2 | 32 ± 2 ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 60 ± 6 | 137 ± 9 | ND | ||||
15 | Moderate exercise program, no diet intervention | 46 ± 3 | 2 | 33 ± 1 ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 51 ± 4 | 122 ± 9 | ND | ||||
15 | C = no dietary/exercise intervention | 46 ± 3 | 2 | 32 ± 2 ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 57 ± 3 | 136 ± 10 | ND | ||||
Williams (1998) [25] | RCT, 3 parallel Arms | T2DM Age 30–70 years BW > 20% ideal Not currently on insulin, no liver, renal, heart diseases | 20 weeks | 18 | IER (1 day/week) = 400–600 kcal/day on fast day and 1500–1800 kcal/day on feed days | 51 ± 8 | 9 | 35 ± 5 | ND | ND | 177 ± 56 | 20 ± 11 | 215 ± 37 | 41 ± 8 | 132 ± 35 | 197 ± 83 |
ND | 8 ± 2 | ND | ||||||||||||||
18 | IER (5 days/week) = 400–600 kcal/day on fast day every 5 weeks and 1500–1800 kcal/day on feed days | 50 ± 9 | 7 | 37 ± 5 | ND | ND | 182 ± 58 | 17 ± 7 | 208 ± 39 | 42 ± 7 | 131 ± 29 | 203 ± 239 | ||||
ND | 8 ± 2 | ND | ||||||||||||||
18 | CER = 1500–1800 kcal/day every day | 54 ± 7 | 7 | 35 ± 5 | ND | ND | 184 ± 61 | 22 ± 9 | 218 ± 42 | 46 ± 11 | 127 ± 48 | 167 ± 89 | ||||
ND | 8 ± 2 | ND |