Fig. 4From: Roles of airway smooth muscle dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseMolecular mechanisms of airway smooth muscle function changes in COPD. The ASM in patients with COPD can act as a producer of pro-and anti-inflammatory mediators (e.g. cytokines, chemokines, growth factors), to regulate the local immune environment and influence proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of other resident cellsBack to article page