Table 2 Correlates of cord blood leptin and insulin levels

Maternal characteristics

 Maternal age, years

8.4% (4.4)

0.06

3.8% (4.2)

0.36

 Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m²

13.6% (4.4)

0.002

5.6% (4.2)

0.19

 Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI

  < 18.5 kg/m²

− 38.5% (31.9)

0.08

14.9% (30.6)

0.60

  18.5–25 kg/m²

Ref

–

Ref

–

  25–30 kg/m³

24.3% (11.7)

0.05

17.7% (11.3)

0.13

  > 30 kg/m²

38.9% (16.7)

0.03

14.7% (16.1)

0.36

 Smoking during pregnancy

− 9.5% (16)

0.50

− 3.8% (15.2)

0.78

 Highest educational level in the family

  Lower high school

− 6.4% (18.9)

0.70

25% (17.8)

0.18

  Higher high school

− 8.1% (10.6)

0.40

7.7% (10)

0.43

  College/University

Ref

–

Ref

–

 Parity

  0 children

Ref

–

Ref

–

  1 child

− 2.2% (10.3)

0.82

6.1% (9.7)

0.52

  ≥ 2 children

− 2.1% (13.1)

0.86

25.8% (12.3)

0.05

Newborn characteristics

 Boys

− 37% (8.7)

<0.0001

− 11.8% (8.7)

0.13

 Ethnicity

  Belgian

Ref

–

Ref

–

  European

0.3% (17.4)

0.98

10.1% (16.2)

0.52

  Non-European

2.3% (12.2)

0.84

34.7% (11.3)

0.01

 Gestational age, weeks

  Birth weight, grams

22% (4.2)

0.03

9.3% (4.2)

0.03

  Large for gestational age

68.2% (14.6)

0.0002

39.7% (13.9)

0.01

  Small for gestational age

− 23.5% (17)

0.09

− 34.6% (16.2)

0.01