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Table 3 Incidence of MD by age, sex, and comorbidity, and Cox-model-measured HRs for patients with and without HBV infection

From: HBV infection increases the risk of macular degeneration: the roles of HBx-mediated sensitization of retinal pigment epithelial cells to UV and blue light irradiation

Variables

HBV infection

Crude HR* (95% CI)

Adjusted HR† (95% CI)

No

Yes

Event

PY

Rate#

Event

PY

Rate#

Age, years

≤ 34

64

325,136

0.20

17

82,685

0.21

1.04 (0.61, 1.78)

0.99 (0.58, 1.71)

35–49

218

368,374

0.59

76

90,104

0.84

1.42 (1.10, 1.85)**

1.28 (0.98, 1.67)

50+

1159

283,877

4.08

357

64,374

5.55

1.37 (1.21, 1.54)***

1.24 (1.10, 1.40)***

Sex

Female

651

409,645

1.59

206

101,047

2.04

1.28 (1.10, 1.50)**

1.31 (1.12, 1.54)***

Male

790

567,743

1.39

244

136,116

1.79

1.29 (1.12, 1.49)***

1.30 (1.12, 1.51)***

Comorbidity

No

488

714,950

0.68

114

143,537

0.79

1.16 (0.95, 1.42)

1.47 (1.20, 1.80)***

Yes

953

262,438

3.63

336

93,626

3.59

0.99 (0.87,1.12)

1.23 (1.08, 1.39)**

  1. HR hazard ratios, CI confidence intervals
  2. Rate#: incidence rate per 1000 person-years; Crude HR*: relative hazard ratio; Adjusted HR†: multivariable analysis, including age, and the comorbidities of cirrhosis, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, asthma, coronary artery disease, and anxiety
  3. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001