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Fig. 3 | Journal of Translational Medicine

Fig. 3

From: Inhibition of endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-mediated autophagy enhances the effectiveness of chemotherapeutics on pancreatic cancer

Fig. 3

Additive effects of sunitinib with chloroquine and gemcitabine on growth and survival of human PDAC cells. a Lysotracker staining showing lysosomal activity in DMSO, sunitinib, and combination treatments (top panel), and the corresponding bright field image (bottom panel). Panc3.27 cells were treated with sunitinib (10 µM), chloroquine (25 µM) and gemcitabine (100 nM) for 72 h and imaged with fluorescent (top panel) and bright-field microscopy (bottom panel). Scale bar: 10 µm. b Bar-charts showing normalized cell viability of Panc3.27 and Miapaca-2 PDAC cells treated with sunitinib, chloroquine, gemcitabine and various combinations (n = 5). The cell viability was measured by Trypan Blue exclusion assay following 72 h of drug treatment. The combination treatments resulted in significantly decreased cell viability for Sun/CQ (p < 0.05), Sun/Gem (p < 0.01) and Sun/Gem/CQ (p < 0.01) treatments in Panc3.27 and Miapaca-2 cells. The triplet combination of Sun/Gem/CQ could reduce cell viability more than threefold in both cell lines. Cell viability ratio was normalized with the viability of DMSO treated cells. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, CQ chloroquine, Gem gemcitabine, Sun sunitinib

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