Fig. 1

Stratification of heart failure (HF) patients based on redox status. a Comparison of reduced glutathione (GSH) levels showing statistically insignificant GSH levels between HF patients and HC. b Significantly higher malondialdehyde levels in HF patients vs. HC. c Statistically insignificant GSH/GSSG ratio between HF patients and the healthy controls. d Statistically significant, higher GSH/MDA ratio in HC and lower values in HF patients. Mann–Whitney U test was carried out for statistical significance. ***p < 0.001. n = 42 HC and 54 HF patients. e Stratification of HF patients into hyper-oxidative (HO), normal redox (NR) and hyper-reductive (HR) groups based on comparison of GSH/MDA ratio with healthy controls (HC). Remarkably, higher GSH/MDA ratio in HR group, similar GSH/MDA ratio in NR and HC, and a significantly lower GSH/MDA ratio in HO group were observed. One way ANOVA was carried out with p < 0.0001 among all the heart failure patient groups (n = 42 HC, 23 HO, 22 NR, and 9 HR)