Open innovation and external sources of innovation. An opportunity to fuel the R&D pipeline and enhance decision making?

Table 4 The comparison of average revenue earned per employee across different pharmaceutical companies

Company	Type	Founded	Number of employees	Average 10 years (2006–2016) revenue (M$)	Revenue per employee ($)
Helsinn	NRDO	1976	680	320	470,588
Jazz Pharma	NRDO	2003	1040	615	591,346
Tesaro⁺	NRDO	2010	446	0.45	1010
Puma Biotech⁺⁺	NRDO	2010	183	0	0
Clovis	NRDO	2009	278	0.14	504
Vanda Pharma	NRDO	2002	148	38	256,756
Debiopharm	NRDO	1979	150	345	2,300,000
Astra Zeneca	Large Pharma	1999	59,700	23,000	385,260
Novartis	Large Pharma	1996	12,3000	47,000	382,114
Sanofi	Large Pharma	2004	110,000	32,500	295,454
Eli Lilly	Large Pharma	1876	42,000	21,500	511,905
Bayer	Large Pharma	1863	115,000	43,000	373,913
Pfizer	Large Pharma	1849	96,500	51,000	528,497
GSK	Large Pharma	2000	99,300	26,400	345,619
Amgen	Large Biotech	1980	19,200	20,000	1,041,667

NRDO ‘No Research, Development Only’ companies that do not conduct early research and have not chosen to conduct sell and market their own assets; ⁺ calculated over 6 years; ⁺⁺ calculated over 7 years

ISSN: 1479-5876