Table 2 Role of hepcidin in brain diseases
From: Hepcidin, an emerging and important player in brain iron homeostasis
Methods | Brain disease | Main results | References |
|---|---|---|---|
Expression measured with RT-PCR, while protein levels were measured with western blotting and immunohistochemistry (rat and mice brain samples) | Focal brain ischemia/reperfusion model | Hepcidin↑ in brain tissue Knock-down of hepcidin with siRNA causes FPN↑ and ferritin↓ | Ding et al. [52] |
Levels of protein measured with western blotting and ELISA (mice brain samples) | Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) model | Brain and serum hepcidin↑ Hepc−/− mice are protected from brain damage during ICH Injection of hepcidin increases brain damage Increased hepcidin inhibits BMVEC iron efflux The source of brain hepcidin are astrocytes Brain hepcidin upregulation is induced due to activation of TLR4 pathway Cellular iron-load is reduced by antagonizing local hepcidin | Xiong et al. [18] |
Protein levels measured with western blotting and immunohistochemistry (rat brain samples) | Subarachnoid hemorrhage model | Hepcidin↑ Hepcidin injections increase brain damage Hepcidin knock-down with siRNA decreases apoptosis and brain damage | Tan et al. [119] |
Serum protein levels measured with ELISA in 86 patients | ICH | Hepcidin↑ Higher hepcidin is associated with poorer outcome Hepcidin correlates with inflammatory markers Serum hepcidin is independently associated with mRS scorea | Xiong et al. [114] |
Serum protein levels measured with ELISA in 60 children | Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) | Hepcidin↑ Hepcidin is correlated with inflammatory markers | Azab et al. [111] |
Serum protein levels measured with ELISA in 74 patients | Ischemic stroke | Hepcidin↑ Hepcidin is correlated with inflammatory markers | Petrova et al. [113] |
Serum protein levels measured with ELISA in 31 patients | AIS | Hepcidin↑ | Slomka et al. [112] |
Protein levels measured with western blotting and immunohistochemistry in brain samples of humans and transgenic mice | Alzheimers disease (AD) | Hepcidin↓ in human samples Hepcidin↓ in mice samples in advanced stages of the disease Hepcidin staining is associated with hem-rich deposits Hepcidin distribution is observed in surviving neurons around amyloid plaques | Raha et al. [35] |
Serum protein levels measured with ELISA in 52 patients | AD | Hepcidin↑ Serum hepcidin correlates with CDR-SOBb | Sternberg et al. [89] |
Expression measured with RT-PCR and protein levels measured with western blotting and immunohistochemistry (neuronal cell cultures) | Parkinson disease model induced by 6-OHDA | Hepcidin mRNA↑ EGCG attenuates brain damage by reducing hepcidin expression | Chen et al. [94] |
Expression measured with RT-PCR (neuronal cell cultures) | Parkinson disease model induced by 6-OHDA | Hepcidin knock-down offers protection from 6-OHDA neurotoxicity | Xu et al. [95] |
Expression measured with RT-PCR (human brain samples) | Brain tumors | Hepcidin mRNA↓ in most tumor samples | Hänninen et al. [69] |
Serum protein levels measured with ELISA method in rats | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | Hepcidin↑ | Halon et al. [134] |
Protein levels measured with immunoblotting, ELISA and immunohistochemistry in 39 patients | Restless leg syndrome (RLS) | Prohepcidin↑ in brain tissue Prohepcidin↓ in cerebrospinal fluid in early-onset disease | Clardy et al. [140] |
Expression measured with RT-PCR in rat brains | Chronic mild stress | Hepcidin mRNA↑ Dalteparin lowers hepcidin expression Hepcidin expression is associated with cellular iron-overload and IL-6 expression | Farajdokht et al. [156] |